India Mobile Congress 2024

Latest News: 27th October 2024, UPSC Preparation

The India Mobile Congress 2024 (IMC 2024) brought into light Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a central theme. Hosted in New Delhi, the event featured over 900 technology use cases, with 750 focused on AI. Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the forum, engaging with startups and showcasing India’s technological advancements.

AI Use Cases

The focus was on practical applications of AI. Key areas include:

• Conservation: AI solutions aimed at preserving resources.

• Convenience: Enhancing user experience in daily tasks.

• Efficiency: Streamlining operations across sectors.

• Safety: Implementing AI to improve security measures.

• Automation: Reducing human involvement in hazardous tasks.

• Healthcare: Addressing doctor shortages in remote regions.

Notable Innovations

Several companies presented groundbreaking AI technologies:

• Bharti Airtel: Launched India’s first AI-powered spam detection tool, offering real-time alerts to combat spam calls and messages.

• Ericsson: Introduced Rocky, a 5G-powered robotic dog to assist in emergencies.

• Nokia: Showcased technologies in 5G, 6G, and AI aimed at sustainability.

• Reliance Jio: Offered a preview of PhoneCall AI, designed to transcribe and summarise phone calls.

• Vodafone Idea: Demonstrated real-time diagnostic report transmission, enabling remote video consultations for doctors.

Startups and Innovations

Startups presented various AI-driven solutions:

• Humanoid Co-workers: AI-powered bots addressing mental health issues.

• De-addiction Programs: AI solutions to support recovery.

• Human Resources: AI tools for hiring, payroll automation, and employee performance tracking.

Education Sector Participation

The education sector played an important role at IMC 2024. Institutions like IITs showcased innovations and engaged with industry leaders. Ramakrishna P, CEO of IMC, noted the importance of mentorship opportunities for students.

Research and Development

Institutions demonstrated advanced research:

• BharatGen: Highlighted advancements in telecom and technology.

• C3iHub (IIT Kanpur): Focused on cybersecurity for critical infrastructure.

• Indian Council of Agriculture Research (ICAR): Presented AI solutions for smart agriculture, including automated fish-feeding systems.

• Mahindra University: Showcased AI tools for shrimp farming.

IMC 2024 attracted over 400 exhibitors and 900 startups from 120 countries. It has established itself as Asia’s largest digital technology forum, encouraging innovation across the technology and telecom sectors.

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New Orchid Species Discovered in Assam – Current Updates (October, 2024)

Latest News: 24th October 2024, UPSC Preparation

A new orchid species, Crepidium assamicum, has been discovered in Assam’s Dibru-Saikhowa National Park. This finding enriches the biodiversity of orchids globally. The discovery was made by Khyanjeet Gogoi and Dr. Jintu Sharma, who have dedicated over a decade to researching orchids in the region. Their work culminated in the species being recognised in the botanical journal, Fedes Reporter.

Discovery Background

The journey began in 2008-2009. Gogoi and Sharma conducted extensive field studies in Assam. Their efforts focused on identifying new species within the orchid family. After years of research, they successfully documented Crepidium assamicum, showcasing its unique traits.

Unique Characteristics

Crepidium assamicum exhibits distinctive features. It has a larger flower cover compared to other orchids in its genus. The blooming period occurs from July to August, setting it apart from many other species. Unlike most orchids that thrive in dense forests, this species prefers open grasslands. Additionally, it has a minimal fragrance.

Geographical Significance

This orchid is found specifically in open grassland near the riverbank of Dibru-Saikhowa in Dibrugarh district, Assam. The population is substantial, with estimates of 500-600 individuals. Its confined habitat marks the importance of protecting this unique environment.

Biodiversity in Assam

Assam is already home to a rich variety of orchids, with 414 species recorded between Assam and Arunachal Pradesh. The discovery of Crepidium assamicum adds to this impressive tally. This biodiversity is crucial for both ecological balance and conservation efforts.

Conservation Status

The new species has been provisionally assessed as Threatened according to the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (2024). This status underscores the need for ongoing conservation initiatives in the region to protect not just this species, but the broader ecosystem.

Contributions to Conservation

Khyanjeet Gogoi has made contributions to orchid conservation. He established an orchid park at his residence, which attracts visitors globally. His dedication to preserving orchid species has earned him the Paribha Mitra award from the Assam Government.

Public Interest and Awareness

The discovery of Crepidium assamicum has sparked excitement among conservationists and the public. It raises awareness about the importance of biodiversity. The find offers hope for future conservation efforts in Assam and the Northeast region of India.

The discovery of this orchid species is not just an academic achievement. It marks the rich biodiversity of Assam and the need for its protection. The ongoing research and conservation efforts will play a crucial role in preserving this unique habitat for future generations.

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Diamond Dust Proposed as Geoengineering Solution for Global Warming

Latest News: 23rd October 2024, UPSC Preparation

A new study published in Geophysical Research Letters suggests that diamond dust could be an effective SRM material. The study compared seven compounds and found diamonds to be the most efficient for reflecting solar radiation. Researchers propose spraying five million tonnes of diamond dust annually into the upper atmosphere to achieve a temperature reduction of 1.6 degrees Celsius.

About Geoengineering

Geoengineering involves large-scale interventions to alter the Earth’s climate system. It aims to counteract global warming’s effects. Two main strategies exist: Solar Radiation Management (SRM) and Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR). SRM focuses on reflecting solar radiation away from Earth, while CDR seeks to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

Solar Radiation Management Explained

SRM is a key area of interest. It involves deploying materials in the atmosphere or space to reflect sunlight. This can potentially reduce global temperatures. The concept draws inspiration from volcanic eruptions. When volcanoes erupt, they release sulphur dioxide, which forms particles that reflect sunlight. The 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption is an example, as it temporarily lowered global temperatures by 0.5 degrees Celsius.

Other SRM Materials

Previous studies have considered various materials for SRM, including sulphur, calcium, and sodium chloride. Each has its advantages and drawbacks. Diamonds, however, have emerged as a promising option due to their unique properties.

Carbon Dioxide Removal Technologies

CDR technologies focus on removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) is one such method. It captures CO2 emissions from industrial sources and stores them underground. Carbon Capture and Utilisation (CCU) uses captured CO2 for industrial processes. Direct Air Capture (DAC) extracts CO2 directly from the air. While these methods can help reduce atmospheric CO2, they face challenges and scalability issues.

Concerns with Carbon Capture Technologies

CCS technologies are not without flaws. Studies indicate that relying heavily on CCS to meet climate goals may be impractical and costly. The estimated cost of achieving climate targets primarily through CCS could exceed US$30 trillion compared to a focus on renewable energy. Additionally, finding safe storage sites for captured CO2 is becoming increasingly difficult.

The Future of Geoengineering

Despite the challenges, geoengineering remains a crucial area of research. With the visible impacts of climate change, solutions like SRM and CDR are gaining attention. There are no scenarios for meeting climate targets that do not involve some form of these technologies. Continued exploration and careful consideration of the implications are essential for any future implementation.

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Exercise Swavlamban Shakti

Latest News: 20th October 2024, UPSC Preparation

The Indian Army’s Sudarshan Chakra Corps is conducting a major exercise called “Exercise SWAVLAMBAN SHAKTI” at the Babina Field Firing Ranges near Jhansi. This exercise, which runs until October 22, aims to improve the Army’s combat abilities by using new and advanced technologies.

What is the Objective of the Exercise?

The main goal of this exercise is to incorporate New Technology Equipment (NTEs) into the Army’s attack strategies. By doing this, the Army is preparing itself for future warfare scenarios, ensuring it has modern tools and techniques for effective military operations.

Who is Participating?

Around 1,800 soldiers are taking part in the exercise, supported by 210 armoured vehicles (such as tanks), 50 special-purpose vehicles, and aircraft. This large number of participants and equipment shows how important these modern technologies are for preparing the Army.

What technologies are being Showcased?

Over 50 different NTEs, developed by more than 40 industry partners, including Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) labs and new defence startups, are being showcased. Some of the key technologies being tested include:

Swarm Drones: Groups of drones working together for various tasks.

Kamikaze Drones: Drones designed to crash into targets.

Handheld Drone Jammers: Devices to stop drones from functioning.

Robotic Mules: Robots used to carry supplies.

Guided Precision Aerial Delivery Systems (GPADS): Systems that help deliver supplies with great accuracy.

Directed Energy Weapons: Weapons that use energy, like lasers, instead of traditional bullets or bombs.

Focus on Local Development

The exercise also highlights the importance of developing indigenous (locally-made) defence technologies, especially drones and anti-drone systems. It gives a platform to young entrepreneurs and small- and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) to showcase and test their innovations, encouraging the growth of India’s own defence manufacturing.

The successful testing and integration of these advanced technologies in the exercise will help the Army identify which tools and systems to develop further or buy for future use. This also strengthens the connection between the Indian Army and the defence industry, ensuring that the Army is ready for modern warfare challenges.

About the Sudarshan Chakra Corps

The Sudarshan Chakra Corps is a part of the Indian Army and is named after Lord Vishnu’s powerful weapon, the Sudarshan Chakra. It was formed in 1996 and is based in Western India. The Corps focuses on fast, offensive operations and is known for its innovative mechanized infantry units, which include tanks and artillery. It played an important role during the Kargil War and frequently worked with other military branches in joint exercises. The Corps specializes in counter-insurgency and mountain warfare, which helps strengthen India’s defence capabilities against various threats.

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Asia-Pacific Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction (APMCDRR) 2024

Latest News: 18th October 2024, UPSC Preparation

A high-level Indian delegation, led by Shri Nityanand Rai, the Union Minister of State for Home Affairs, attended the Asia-Pacific Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction (APMCDRR) 2024 in Manila, Philippines. The conference was officially opened by President Bongbong Marcos and focused on the theme, “Surge to 2030: Enhancing ambition in Asia Pacific to accelerate disaster risk reduction.”

Key Agenda of the Conference

The conference gathered policymakers from countries in the Asia-Pacific region to discuss ways to reduce disaster risks, especially as climate change leads to more frequent and severe natural disasters.

India’s Commitment to Disaster Risk Reduction

During the conference, Shri Nityanand Rai spoke about the growing number of disasters that cause loss of life and economic damage. He emphasized India’s strong commitment to taking inclusive and proactive steps to reduce these risks. He also mentioned Prime Minister Modi’s 10-point agenda for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR), which outlines India’s approach to tackling these challenges.

Focus Areas in Disaster Risk Reduction

The Minister highlighted several important areas for disaster risk reduction:

Early Warning Systems (EWS): India aims to implement advanced technologies to provide early warnings of disasters. This includes systems like the Common Alerting Protocol (CAP) and Cell Broadcast Systems to alert people quickly.

Disaster Resilient Infrastructure: India is focusing on creating infrastructure that can withstand disasters, promoting sustainable development that prepares communities for potential risks.

Financial Provisions: The country is setting up specific financial systems to effectively manage resources for disaster risk reduction efforts.

Technological Advancements in Early Warning Systems

India has made significant progress with initiatives like the Indian Tsunami Early Warning Centre (ITEWC). This center provides tsunami warnings to 25 countries, helping them prepare for potential tsunamis and ensuring that people are informed quickly.

Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure

India initiated the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI), which now includes 47 member countries. This coalition provides technical assistance and helps countries build capacity for investments that can withstand disasters.

Financial Investments in Disaster Risk Reduction

India is investing heavily in disaster risk reduction. The 15th Finance Commission has allocated USD 30 billion for the National Disaster Risk Management Fund (NDRMF) and the State Disaster Risk Management Fund (SDRMF) for the financial years 2021-22 to 2025-26. This funding is aimed at strengthening the country’s ability to respond to and recover from disasters.

The APMCDRR 2024 conference was a crucial platform for discussing and planning strategies to reduce disaster risks in the Asia-Pacific region, with India showing strong leadership and commitment to enhancing disaster preparedness and resilience.

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19th International Conference of Drug Regulatory Authorities (ICDRA)

Latest News: 16th October 2024, UPSC Preparation

For the first time, India is hosting the 19th International Conference of Drug Regulatory Authorities (ICDRA) from 14th to 18th October 2024. This important event brings together health officials and regulatory bodies from over 194 WHO member countries. The conference shows India’s growing role in global healthcare, especially due to its leadership during the COVID-19 pandemic.

India’s Leadership During COVID-19

During the pandemic, India took strong steps to increase healthcare services and vaccine production. The country successfully vaccinated over a billion people and earned the nickname “Pharmacy of the World” for its large production of vaccines and medicines. India followed the principle of “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam”, which means “the world is one family”, and sent essential medical supplies to more than 150 countries during the pandemic.

Why is ICDRA Important?

The ICDRA provides a space for experts to share knowledge and form partnerships on making sure medicines and medical products are safe, effective, and of good quality. This conference highlights India’s dedication to improving global healthcare standards.

India’s Progress with CDSCO

India’s Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) has developed strong systems for approving drugs and medical devices. They have also digitized more than 95% of their processes, making it easier to track approvals and ensure transparency. The focus is on making sure people have access to affordable, high-quality medicines. India has set up many testing labs across the country to check the quality of these medicines.

Global Cooperation for Better Drug Regulation

Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, the Director-General of WHO, stressed the need for global cooperation in drug regulation, especially in fighting antimicrobial resistance and integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) into healthcare. Strong regulatory systems are needed to make sure everyone has access to universal health coverage.

Key Topics Discussed at ICDRA

The conference will focus on several important topics:

Smart Regulation: How countries can work together on regulatory standards.

Medical Devices: New trends and safety rules for medical devices and In Vitro Diagnostics (IVDs).

Pharmaceutical Quality: Ensuring strict standards for the quality of medicines.

Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: The role of AI in improving healthcare systems.

Regulatory Preparedness: Learning from the COVID-19 pandemic to prepare for future health emergencies.

The 19th ICDRA aims to make global regulatory systems stronger through collective dialogue and cooperation. As India showcases its leadership and innovations, the conference will focus on addressing current and future global health challenges.

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S Paramesh, New Chief of Indian Coast Guard

Latest News: 15th October 2024, UPSC Preparation

The Indian Coast Guard has appointed S Paramesh as its new Director General after the unfortunate passing of Rakesh Pal. This appointment is important as the organization aims to maintain strong leadership in maritime security.

Background of S Paramesh

Experience: S Paramesh has over 30 years of experience in the Indian Coast Guard.

Versatility: His career includes a wide range of both maritime (related to the sea) and terrestrial (related to land) operations, showcasing his adaptability and dedication to service.

Career Achievements

Commanding Vessels: He has commanded important vessels, such as:

• The Advanced Offshore Patrol Vessel Samar.

• The Offshore Patrol Vessel Vishwast.

Leadership Roles: Paramesh has held several key positions, including:

• Deputy Director General for Operations and Coastal Security.

• Coast Guard Commander for the Eastern Seaboard.

Awards: His leadership skills have earned him prestigious awards, including:

• The President’s Tatrakshak Medal.

• The Tatrakshak Medal.

Educational Qualifications

National Defence College: He is an alumnus of this prestigious institution in New Delhi.

Defence Services Staff College: He also attended this college in Wellington, which highlights his strong strategic education and readiness for leadership roles.

Significance of the Appointment

Operational Effectiveness: Paramesh’s leadership is expected to improve the operational effectiveness of the Indian Coast Guard.

Maritime Security: His appointment comes at a crucial time, ensuring the safety and security of the nation’s maritime interests following Rakesh Pal’s impactful tenure.

About the Indian Coast Guard

The Indian Coast Guard was formed in 1978 and works under the Ministry of Defence. Its main jobs are to keep our seas safe, control pollution, and conduct search and rescue missions. The Coast Guard has five areas: Northwest, Western, Eastern, Southwest, and Andaman & Nicobar, and it has more than 150 ships and 62 aircraft. They celebrate Coast Guard Day on February 1 each year. The Coast Guard also works with other countries to improve coastal security and has been important in helping during emergencies.

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New X-Band Radar Approved for Wayanad Flood Monitoring

Latest News: 14th October 2024, UPSC Preparation

In July 2024, devastating floods and landslides hit Wayanad district in Kerala, killing more than 200 people. To prevent future disasters, the Union Ministry of Earth Sciences approved the installation of an X-band radar in the region. This radar will help improve weather tracking and provide early warnings for landslides.

What is Radar and How Does It Work?

Radar, which stands for “radio detection and ranging,” works by sending out radio waves to detect objects and measure how far away they are. A radar system has two main parts: a transmitter that sends signals and a receiver that picks up the signals when they bounce back from an object. By analyzing these returned signals, the radar can figure out important details like the object’s distance and speed.

What is Doppler Radar?

Doppler radar is a type of weather radar that uses the Doppler effect. The Doppler effect happens when sound or light waves change frequency based on whether something is moving toward or away from you. In weather radar, this helps track how fast clouds are moving, which way they’re going, and how heavy the rainfall is by measuring how the signals change when they bounce off moving rain or storm clouds.

What is X-Band Radar?

X-band radar uses radio waves in the 8-12 GHz range of the electromagnetic spectrum. These shorter waves create clearer, high-resolution images but don’t travel as far because the signal weakens more quickly. In Wayanad, the X-band radar will focus on monitoring soil movement to predict landslides and provide fast, accurate environmental data.

India’s Radar Network

India has been using meteorological radars since the 1950s. The first X-band radar was installed in 1970. Now, India has both X-band and S-band radars (which have longer ranges). Under a program called “Mission Mausam,” India plans to install 60 new weather radars by 2026 to improve weather forecasting across the country.

What is the NISAR Project?

NISAR is a joint satellite project between NASA and India’s space agency, ISRO. It will use a special type of radar called synthetic aperture radar to create detailed maps of Earth’s surface. This radar will use both L-band and S-band frequencies to track changes in the land, like deforestation and soil movement. NISAR is expected to launch in 2025.

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WETEX 2024

Latest News: 04th October 2024, UPSC Preparation

The 26th Water, Energy, Technology, and Environment Exhibition (WETEX) 2024 began at the Dubai World Trade Centre. This major event brings together companies and experts from around the world to showcase new developments in renewable energy, water treatment, and environmental technologies. India has a strong presence this year, with 29 well-known companies participating. The event, was organized by the Dubai Electricity and Water Authority (DEWA).

Importance of Indian Participation

Sunjay Sudhir, the Indian Ambassador to the UAE, highlighted the importance of India being part of WETEX 2024. The Indian companies are presenting technologies and projects focused on promoting a green economy. These projects aim to help achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which focus on areas like clean energy, water conservation, and environmental protection.

UAE-India Economic Relationship

India’s participation in WETEX also reflects the growing economic relationship between India and the UAE. After the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) came into effect in May 2022, trade between the two countries reached $84.5 billion from April 2022 to March 2023. Experts predict that this figure could rise to $100 billion by 2027, showing the strength of the partnership.

Investment Landscape

The UAE is an important investor in India, ranking seventh among foreign investors. In 2023, the UAE invested $18 billion in various sectors in India. This shows how the economic ties between the two countries are becoming even stronger.

Global Importance of WETEX

WETEX 2024 is a globally significant event, with 16 international pavilions from 14 countries. The exhibition focuses on promoting sustainable technologies related to water, energy, and the environment. It serves as a platform where countries and companies can collaborate on solving environmental challenges.

About WETEX 2024

WETEX 2024 is organized by DEWA and brings together more than 1,500 exhibitors from around 50 countries. The exhibition showcases innovations in renewable energy and smart technologies that can improve resource management. It will also feature conferences where experts discuss pressing environmental issues. The event is expected to draw over 20,000 visitors and is key to the UAE’s strategy for promoting sustainability and conserving water.

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Ayush Medical Value Travel Summit 2024

Latest News: 03rd October 2024, UPSC Preparation

Vaidya Shri Devendra Triguna, who has received prestigious honors like the Padma Shri and Padma Bhushan, has played a key role in spreading the practice of Ayurveda around the world. As the President of the All India Ayurvedic Congress, he has helped Ayurveda reach over 80 countries.

Contributions to Ayurveda

Vaidya Triguna has been involved in creating several important institutions that have helped improve Ayurveda education, research, and practice in India and beyond. These include:

• Central Council of Indian Medicine (CCIM)

• All India Institute of Ayurveda

• Rashtriya Ayurveda Vidyapeeth

These institutions help train future Ayurvedic doctors, support research, and promote traditional Indian medicine globally.

International Impact

Because of his efforts, Ayurveda has become recognized in many countries outside India. Vaidya Triguna’s leadership has made him a key figure in promoting Ayurveda on the international stage, especially within the Ayush sector, which includes Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy.

Ayush Medical Value Travel Summit 2024

In 2024, the Ayush Medical Value Travel Summit will take place with the aim of making India the top destination for holistic healthcare. The theme for the summit is ‘Global Synergy in Ayush: Transforming Health and Wellness through Medical Value Travel,’ which focuses on combining traditional Indian medicine with modern healthcare to improve global wellness.

The summit is being organized by the Ministry of Ayush along with the Ministry of Tourism and several states like Maharashtra, Goa, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan.

Objective of the Summit

The main goal of this event is to promote India as a leading destination for medical tourism by showcasing the benefits of Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy. The idea is to attract international patients who are looking for holistic treatments that focus on overall health and wellness.

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Typhoon Yagi

Latest News: 18th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

In early September 2024, Typhoon Yagi became the strongest storm of the year in Asia, hitting several countries like Myanmar, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand. It caused devastating winds and heavy rainfall, leading to flooding and landslides. These natural disasters forced hundreds of thousands of people to leave their homes and resulted in the deaths of more than 400 people.

Impact on Affected Countries

Vietnam: Vietnam was the worst affected. The typhoon caused 292 deaths and destroyed a lot of property, especially in Quang Ninh province and Hai Phong City. The damage is estimated at 40 lakh crore, which will hurt the country’s economy significantly.

Myanmar: In Myanmar, 113 people died, and more than 320,000 people had to move to temporary shelters. Due to the severe situation, the country’s ruling government has asked for international help, which is rare given its usual stance.

Laos & Thailand: Both Laos and Thailand also suffered from the storm. Thailand experienced its worst flooding in 80 years, causing 10 deaths and disrupting transportation.

Even though Typhoon Yagi has weakened into a tropical depression, it is still causing heavy rain. There is a continuing risk of more flooding and landslides, especially as water levels in the Mekong River are rising due to the additional rainfall.

International Response and Humanitarian Aid

In response to the disaster, India has launched a relief effort called Operation Sadbhav. India has pledged $1 million in aid and is sending essential supplies like food, clothing, and medicines. UNICEF has also warned about the serious impact on children, many of whom have lost their homes and can no longer attend school.

This region has a history of facing severe storms and floods. For example, in 2008, Cyclone Nargis devastated Myanmar, and there were more disasters in 2011 and 2015. Governments have been criticized in the past for not being prepared enough, showing the need for better disaster management.

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Kalvari Submarine Escape Training Facility – VINETRA

Latest News: 17th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

The Kalvari Submarine Escape Training Facility, called Vinetra, was officially opened on 13 September 2024 by Vice Admiral Rajesh Pendharkar at INS Satavahana in Visakhapatnam. This facility is an important step toward improving the Indian Navy’s preparedness and ability to handle submarine emergencies.

Purpose and Importance

Vinetra is designed to help train the crew of Kalvari-class submarines on how to escape during emergencies. This is very important for the safety of the sailors working underwater. The creation of this facility is part of India’s Aatmanirbhar Bharat programme, which focuses on building more defence technology within the country, reducing the need to depend on other nations. L&T Defence built the facility and includes:

• A five-meter-high escape tower where submarine crews can practice escaping.

• A diving basin right next to the tower, providing a place for realistic underwater escape training.

These features help both new and experienced submariners practice and improve their escape skills.

Training Objectives

The main goal of Vinetra is to make sure submariners are well-prepared for emergencies. By practicing escape procedures, they gain more confidence and are better equipped to handle underwater situations that may arise, ensuring the safety of everyone on board.

The opening of this facility not only improves the individual skills of submarine crews but also strengthens the overall operational readiness and safety of the Indian Navy. This development is a big step forward in boosting India’s naval capabilities.

About INS Satavahana

INS Satavahana was the first ship of its class, commissioned in 1988. It played a key role in the Indian Navy as a surveillance vessel, which means it was used to keep an eye on activity in the ocean. The ship had advanced radar and communication systems to help monitor maritime (sea) activities. INS Satavahana participated in many naval exercises, which are practice missions to improve teamwork and coordination between different ships and parts of the Navy. These exercises helped make sure the Navy could work well together during real missions.

The ship was named after the Satavahana dynasty, an ancient Indian kingdom known for its contributions to trade and culture. This name reflects the connection between India’s rich history and its modern naval force.

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Ozone Pollution Hurts Tropical Forest Growth, Study Finds

Latest News: 15th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

A recent study published in Nature Geoscience has revealed that ozone pollution is harming the growth of tropical forests, causing them to lose nearly 300 million tonnes of carbon every year. This is a big concern because tropical forests play a key role in fighting climate change by absorbing carbon dioxide from the air. The study highlights the urgent need to tackle air pollution to protect these important ecosystems.

Tropical Forests and Climate Change

Tropical forests are essential in the fight against climate change because they act like a giant sponge, absorbing carbon dioxide (a major greenhouse gas) from the atmosphere. When tropical forests are healthy, they help reduce the amount of carbon in the air, which is good for the planet. But when their growth is affected, it reduces their ability to absorb carbon, making it harder to fight climate change.

Impact of Ground-Level Ozone

Ground-level ozone is a harmful pollutant created when gases from human activities like driving cars and running factories mix with sunlight. Unlike the ozone layer in the sky that protects us from the sun’s harmful rays, ground-level ozone is bad for plants and people. In this case, it prevents plants, including tropical trees, from absorbing carbon dioxide properly. According to the study, this pollution has reduced the yearly growth of tropical forests by 5.1%.

Research Findings

Scientists looked at different types of tropical trees to see how sensitive they were to ozone pollution. They used a computer model to predict how plants would respond to rising ozone levels. The study found that ozone pollution is getting worse due to urbanisation, industrialisation, and the use of fossil fuels (like coal, oil, and gas). This increase in ozone levels is bad news for tropical forests.

Worsening Conditions

If ozone pollution continues to rise, the damage to tropical forests will get worse. This is especially concerning for areas where people are working to restore forests to help fight climate change. High ozone levels in these areas could make it harder for these restoration efforts to succeed.

The study calls for stronger measures to reduce ground-level ozone. Improving air quality will not only help tropical forests grow better but also increase the amount of carbon these forests can absorb. This, in turn, will help in the global effort to combat climate change.

What is Ozone Pollution?

Ozone pollution mainly comes from vehicle emissions and industrial activities. It forms close to the ground, where it can harm both plants and people. Unlike the ozone layer high up in the atmosphere, which protects us from the sun, ground-level ozone can cause breathing problems, especially in vulnerable people like children and the elderly. Ozone levels are highest in summer when there is more sunlight to trigger its formation. Cities tend to have higher ozone levels than rural areas. Ozone pollution also affects crop yields, reducing food production. Efforts like the Clean Air Act in the U.S. aim to control ozone levels, and there are ongoing global efforts to reduce its harmful effects.

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Saturn’s Rings to Disappear Temporarily in March 2025

Latest News: 13th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

In March 2025, Saturn’s rings will seem to “disappear” when viewed from Earth. This is an optical illusion caused by the way Saturn tilts and moves around the Sun. The planet’s tilt and orbit make its rings visible at different angles over time, and for a brief period, only the thin edge of the rings will be visible, making them look like they have vanished.

The Optical Illusion Explained

Saturn is tilted at about 26.73 degrees and takes nearly 30 Earth years to orbit the Sun. Every 13 to 15 years, Saturn reaches a point in its orbit where the rings are aligned so that we see only their edge from Earth. Since the rings are so thin, they reflect very little light at this angle, making them look invisible, like viewing a thin edge of paper from far away.

This ring “disappearance” last happened in 2009 and will keep occurring in the future because of Saturn’s ongoing orbit. It’s a normal part of how we see the planet from Earth.

While this optical illusion is temporary, Saturn is slowly losing its rings for real. NASA has discovered that Saturn’s gravity and magnetic field are pulling the ring material down onto the planet, a process known as “ring rain.” The planet loses enough material to fill an Olympic-sized swimming pool every 30 minutes.

When will Saturn lose its rings completely?

Scientists estimate that Saturn could completely lose its rings in about 300 million years, although it could happen sooner based on ongoing research.

Saturn’s rings are made of billions of tiny ice and rock particles. Some are as small as dust, while others are as big as mountains. It is believed that these rings formed about 100 million years ago when two icy moons collided.

Facts About Rings of Saturn

• Saturn’s rings are mostly made of ice particles, with some rock and dust mixed in.

• The rings are very wide, stretching up to 175,000 miles, but they are less than 1 mile thick.

• They are divided into different sections, labeled A, B, C, and others, with each section having different amounts of material.

• Some of Saturn’s moons, like Pan and Daphnis, create gaps in the rings and help shape them by their gravity.

• The rings are relatively young, likely formed in the last 100 million years.

• Over time, the rings may disappear due to the effects of solar radiation.

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New Wetland Virus

Latest News: 12th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

Scientists have discovered a new virus in China called the Wetland Virus, which is carried by ticks. They are concerned about its potential effects on human health because it can lead to serious neurological (brain-related) complications.

Discovery and Initial Case

The first case of the Wetland Virus was found in June 2019 when a 61-year-old man became very ill after being bitten by ticks in a northern Chinese wetland park. He had severe symptoms like fever, headaches, and vomiting. This case led scientists to investigate the virus further.

The Wetland Virus is classified as Orthonairovirus, a type of virus that is often spread through tick bites. This scientific classification helps researchers understand which group of viruses it belongs to and how it may behave.

Symptoms and Effects

At least 17 people in China who were bitten by ticks have shown symptoms of the Wetland Virus. These symptoms include Fever, Dizziness, Headache, Tiredness (malaise), Joint pain (arthritis), Back pain, Nausea.

Studies show that the virus can damage brain tissue and cause problems with blood clotting, making it a serious health concern. The virus has also been found in animals such as sheep, horses, pigs, and rodents. This suggests that the virus can spread among different species, raising concerns about its potential for broader transmission in wildlife.

Patient Recovery

Even though the virus can be severe, all patients who were infected have recovered. Most people were able to leave the hospital within 4 to 15 days after receiving treatment. This gives hope that the virus can be managed, but more research is needed.

The discovery of the Wetland Virus highlights the importance of paying attention to tick-borne diseases. As scientists continue to study its origins and effects, they are calling for increased awareness about how these viruses can affect both human health and animal populations.

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Chandrayaan-3 Detects Historic 250 Seismic Signatures on Moon

Latest News: 11th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

India’s Chandrayaan-3 mission has achieved a significant milestone by becoming the first lunar mission to detect over 250 seismic signals from the Moon’s south pole since the Apollo missions. This discovery marks a major advancement in lunar exploration and seismic monitoring techniques.

Significance of Seismic Signals

The Chandrayaan-3 mission identified 250 seismic signals, with 50 of these signals being unique and potentially indicating moonquakes, which are similar to earthquakes on Earth but occur on the Moon. This is the first time that seismic data has been successfully collected from the Moon’s south pole, providing valuable insights into the Moon’s seismic activity.

Instrumentation and Data Collection

The Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA), which was part of the Vikram Lander, operated from August 24 to September 4, 2023. It recorded these seismic events from coordinates 69.37° S and 32.32° E. ILSA is notable for being the first instrument based on MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) technology designed to measure seismic activity on the Moon, using advanced silicon micromachining techniques.

Nature of Detected Signals

Out of the 250 signals detected, around 200 were related to the activities of the mission itself. These included movements of the Pragyan rover and operations of scientific instruments like the ChaSTE thermal probe and the Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS). The remaining 50 signals were classified as “uncorrelated,” meaning they might be related to genuine moonquakes rather than mission-related activities.

Scientific Implications and Future Investigation

The findings from Chandrayaan-3 were published in ICARUS, a leading scientific journal. The study highlights a notable discovery: the longest continuous seismic signal recorded lasted 14 minutes. This opens up opportunities for further research to determine the origin of these uncorrelated signals. LEOS Director Sriram emphasized the importance of further exploration to fully understand these mysterious seismic events.

About Chandrayaan-3

Chandrayaan-3, launched by India on July 14, 2023, is the country’s third lunar mission, designed specifically to achieve a soft landing on the Moon’s surface. It consists of a lander named Vikram and a rover named Pragyan. Unlike its predecessor, Chandrayaan-2, it does not include an orbiter. The primary goal of Chandrayaan-3 is to demonstrate the ability to safely land and move on the Moon’s surface. It successfully landed on August 23, 2023, and is exploring the Moon’s south pole, a region considered crucial for future exploration.

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Study Reveals Potential Collision Risk for Asteroid Apophis

Latest News: 10th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

A new study has raised concerns regarding the near-Earth asteroid 99942 Apophis, previously considered unlikely to collide with our planet. Canadian astronomer Paul Wiegert’s findings introduce a new variable that could potentially alter its trajectory.

Introduction to 99942 Apophis

99942 Apophis is a large asteroid that travels close to Earth. It is about 1,210 feet (370 meters) in diameter and was discovered in 2004. Because of its size and path near Earth, scientists called it “God of Chaos.” On April 13, 2029, Apophis will pass by Earth at a distance of around 31,000 kilometers, which is quite close for an asteroid.

When Apophis was first discovered, scientists were worried it might hit Earth. Early calculations suggested a small chance, about 2.7%, that it could collide with our planet. However, more detailed observations later showed that the risk of a collision was very low, so scientists were not as concerned anymore.

New Research Findings

A recent study by Canadian astronomer Paul Wiegert suggests a new concern. He found that even though Apophis is on a safe path for now, a collision with a small object in space could change its direction. If Apophis were to collide with an object as small as 0.6 meters (2 feet) wide, it could affect its path slightly. A bigger collision with an object about 3.4 meters (11 feet) wide could potentially make Apophis hit Earth.

Probability of Impact

Even though this new possibility exists, the chances of Apophis being hit by another object and then hitting Earth are extremely low. The likelihood of such an event is about 1 in 100 million (10^-8). The chances of Apophis colliding with Earth remain less than 1 in 2 billion.

Wiegert pointed out another issue: Apophis has not been closely observed since May 2021 because it is positioned in a way that makes it difficult to see from Earth using telescopes. Scientists won’t get a clear view of it again until 2027.

While the risk of Apophis hitting Earth remains very small, scientists still need to monitor it closely. Continued research and observation will help ensure that if any new risks arise, we will be better prepared to handle them.

About 99942 Apophis

Apophis is an asteroid that orbits the Sun once every 324 days. It belongs to a group of asteroids called Apollo-type asteroids, which have orbits that can bring them close to Earth. Some researchers also believe that Apophis may have a smaller companion asteroid orbiting it, making it a “binary” asteroid. Its name, Apophis, comes from the Egyptian god of chaos, reflecting the initial concerns it caused when first discovered.

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Why Planes Avoid the Tibetan Plateau?

Latest News: 09th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

The Tibetan Plateau, often called the “Forbidden Plateau,” is a massive region with unique challenges that make it very difficult for airplanes to fly over. Its high altitude, dangerous weather, lack of emergency landing areas, and limited air traffic control all contribute to why airlines avoid this area.

High Altitude

The Tibetan Plateau has some of the highest peaks in the world, with many areas more than 16,000 feet above sea level. At such high altitudes, the air is much thinner, which makes it hard for airplane engines to produce the power needed to stay in the air. Flying over the plateau is like trying to run a marathon at high altitude—it’s exhausting for the plane, and it struggles to stay aloft.

Turbulence

The weather over the Tibetan Plateau is unpredictable and often violent, with strong winds creating severe turbulence. This makes it difficult for pilots to keep the plane stable. Combined with the thin air, these turbulent conditions increase the risks for planes trying to fly over the region.

Lack of Emergency Landing Sites

One of the biggest safety concerns is that there are very few places to make an emergency landing on the Tibetan Plateau. The landscape is rugged, with mountains and steep terrain, and there aren’t many airports or flat areas where a plane could safely land if something went wrong. This lack of emergency options makes it too risky for airlines to send flights over the area.

Air Traffic Control Limitations

The Tibetan Plateau is remote, and because of its harsh environment, there isn’t much air traffic control infrastructure. This makes it harder for pilots to communicate and navigate through the region. Without the support of strong air traffic control, flying over the plateau becomes even more hazardous.

Although the Tibetan Plateau is a fascinating and beautiful part of the world, its difficult geography and extreme weather conditions make it largely inaccessible for airplanes. This region, known for its rich wildlife and cultural history, remains a place of mystery and adventure but is avoided by most airlines due to the serious risks involved in flying over it.

Facts About the Tibetan Plateau

• The Tibetan Plateau is known as the “Roof of the World” because it is the highest and largest plateau on Earth.

• Its average height is more than 4,500 meters (about 14,800 feet) above sea level.

• The plateau spans parts of Tibet, Nepal, India, and China, covering around 2.5 million square kilometers.

• It affects weather patterns in Asia by acting as a barrier to monsoon winds.

• The plateau is home to unique animals, like the Tibetan antelope.

• It holds a large amount of the world’s freshwater, stored in glaciers and frozen ground.

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Saturn’s Rings to Disappear Temporarily in March 2025

Latest News: 08th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

In March 2025, Saturn’s rings will seem to “disappear” when viewed from Earth. This is an optical illusion caused by the way Saturn tilts and moves around the Sun. The planet’s tilt and orbit make its rings visible at different angles over time, and for a brief period, only the thin edge of the rings will be visible, making them look like they have vanished.

The Optical Illusion Explained

Saturn is tilted at about 26.73 degrees and takes nearly 30 Earth years to orbit the Sun. Every 13 to 15 years, Saturn reaches a point in its orbit where the rings are aligned so that we see only their edge from Earth. Since the rings are so thin, they reflect very little light at this angle, making them look invisible, like viewing a thin edge of paper from far away.

This ring “disappearance” last happened in 2009 and will keep occurring in the future because of Saturn’s ongoing orbit. It’s a normal part of how we see the planet from Earth.

While this optical illusion is temporary, Saturn is slowly losing its rings for real. NASA has discovered that Saturn’s gravity and magnetic field are pulling the ring material down onto the planet, a process known as “ring rain.” The planet loses enough material to fill an Olympic-sized swimming pool every 30 minutes.

When will Saturn lose its rings completely?

Scientists estimate that Saturn could completely lose its rings in about 300 million years, although it could happen sooner based on ongoing research.

Saturn’s rings are made of billions of tiny ice and rock particles. Some are as small as dust, while others are as big as mountains. It is believed that these rings formed about 100 million years ago when two icy moons collided.

Facts About Rings of Saturn

• Saturn’s rings are mostly made of ice particles, with some rock and dust mixed in.

• The rings are very wide, stretching up to 175,000 miles, but they are less than 1 mile thick.

• They are divided into different sections, labeled A, B, C, and others, with each section having different amounts of material.

• Some of Saturn’s moons, like Pan and Daphnis, create gaps in the rings and help shape them by their gravity.

• The rings are relatively young, likely formed in the last 100 million years.

• Over time, the rings may disappear due to the effects of solar radiation.

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World’s First Nuclear Clock

Latest News: 07th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

Scientists at JILA, a research institute that’s part of the University of Colorado Boulder and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), are close to finishing the development of the world’s first nuclear clock. They have figured out all the necessary parts to build this clock, marking an important step forward in timekeeping technology.

What is an Atomic Clock?

An atomic clock is a type of clock that measures time using the natural vibrations of atoms. These vibrations are incredibly regular, making atomic clocks highly accurate. Atomic clocks are essential for things like keeping international time zones in sync, helping GPS systems work, and making sure global financial transactions happen at the right time.

How does a Nuclear Clock Differ?

While atomic clocks rely on the electromagnetic forces in atoms, nuclear clocks measure time by looking at the energy changes inside the nucleus (the center) of an atom. This difference means that nuclear clocks could be even more accurate than atomic clocks because the energy levels in a nucleus are more stable and less affected by outside forces.

Advancements in Precision

Researchers at JILA have made huge improvements in how accurately they can measure time. Their work is a million times more precise than previous efforts. This allows them to detect very tiny changes in the energy of an atom’s nucleus, which is key to making nuclear clocks work properly.

Current Status of the Nuclear Clock

Although the nuclear clock hasn’t been fully built yet, all the necessary parts have been successfully tested in the lab. The scientists are now working on making the measurements even more precise and ensuring that the clock will be as accurate as possible when it’s finally put together.

Once completed, the nuclear clock could make timekeeping technologies simpler. Unlike current atomic clocks, it might not require expensive and complex setups, like ultrahigh vacuum systems or laser cooling. This could make nuclear clocks more practical, accessible, and efficient.

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Researchers Reveal Graviton-Induced Uncertainty Relation in Gravity

Latest News: 06th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

Researchers have made an important discovery in trying to combine two areas of physics—classical gravity and quantum mechanics. They found a new type of uncertainty relation, which comes from the noise made by gravitons. Gravitons are hypothetical particles that scientists believe may carry the force of gravity. Studying these particles could help us understand quantum gravity, which has been a difficult problem in physics for a long time.

Difference Between Classical and Quantum Physics

Classical physics explains how large objects like planets, cars, or people behave using well-known rules, such as Newton’s laws.

Quantum physics, on the other hand, deals with the strange behaviors of tiny particles, like atoms and electrons, which follow different rules.

The challenge for scientists is to create a theory that works for both big objects (classical physics) and tiny particles (quantum physics), especially in extreme places like black holes or around neutron stars.

What is Quantum Gravity (QG)?

Quantum gravity is a field of study where scientists try to understand how gravity works at the level of tiny particles. Normally, gravity is thought of as a force that affects large objects, but quantum gravity focuses on how it behaves when both gravity and quantum mechanics are important.

For example, around black holes, gravity is so strong and things happen on such small scales that we need a theory combining both classical and quantum ideas.

What is Gravitational Noise?

Researchers have found that when gravitational fields are studied using quantum mechanics, they create tiny fluctuations, or “noise.” These fluctuations can be detected by sensitive tools like LIGO, which looks for tiny changes in distances caused by gravitational waves. This noise behaves in a way that suggests gravity might have a quantum nature, and could even be evidence of gravitons.

Research Contributions

Two researchers, Prof. Sunandan Gangopadhyay and Mr. Soham Sen from the S.N. Bose National Centre for Astrophysics, have been studying how quantum gravity affects objects that are falling freely. They discovered a new type of uncertainty relation caused by the noise from gravitons. This is an important clue that shows gravity may indeed work at a quantum level.

Generalized Uncertainty Principle

The uncertainty relation they found connects the position and momentum of particles to the noise created by gravitons. This means that gravity doesn’t just affect objects in the usual way but could also have quantum effects. The research team says this discovery shows that gravity might have a quantum nature, making their work very important in the study of quantum gravity.

Publications

• Soham Sen & Sunandan Gangopadhyay, “Uncertainty principle from the noise of gravitons”, Eur. Phys. J. C 84 (2024) 116.

• Chawla & M. Parikh, “Quantum gravity corrections to the fall of an apple”, Phys. Rev. D 107 (2023) 066024.

This discovery is a key step forward in understanding how gravity and quantum mechanics might be connected, which could change how we understand the universe.

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What is Vishanu Yuddh Abhyas?

Latest News: 04th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

India recently conducted its first comprehensive national mock drill called “Vishanu Yuddh Abhyas” from August 27 to 31, 2024, to address the growing threat of zoonotic diseases. Zoonotic diseases are illnesses that can be passed from animals to humans. This exercise was initiated under the National One Health Mission (NOHM) and aimed to evaluate how prepared the country is to handle such outbreaks.

Objective of the Exercise

The main goal of this exercise was to test how well India could respond to a simulated outbreak of a zoonotic disease. The drill focused on ensuring that there was a coordinated effort across different sectors, including human health, animal husbandry, and wildlife management. This approach is important because zoonotic diseases can spread through multiple channels, so a unified response is necessary to control them effectively.

Who Participated in the Drill?

The drill involved various organizations and departments working together, including:

• National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC)

• Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)

• Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS)

• Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying (DAHD)

• Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change (MoEF&CC)

• Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)

• State and District Health and Veterinary Services

These organizations played different roles, from identifying the disease to implementing control measures.

Key Components of the Drill

The exercise had two main parts:

Investigation and Identification: Teams worked to identify the mock virus that was causing the outbreak.

Control Measures: After identifying the virus, the next step was to take action to prevent it from spreading among both human and animal populations.

How was the Drill Evaluated?

Independent observers were present to monitor how well the teams performed. Overall, the response from the National Joint Outbreak Response Team (NJORT) and other involved groups was timely and appropriate. However, the exercise also revealed some areas where improvements are needed.

The Vishanu Yuddh Abhyas was considered a successful exercise, providing valuable lessons that will help improve India’s preparedness for future zoonotic disease outbreaks. The National One Health Mission aims to ensure that different sectors work together effectively to protect public health and the environment, making India better equipped to handle such crises.

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Ancient Ice Core Reveals Genomes of 1,700 Viruses

Latest News: 04th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

Scientists from the United States have made a remarkable discovery of over 1,700 ancient viruses in ice core samples taken from the Guliya Glacier on the Tibetan Plateau. Some of these viruses are over 40,000 years old. The study, led by Zhi-Ping Zhong of Ohio State University, offers valuable insights into how viruses have evolved and survived in response to changing climates.

Ice Core Sampling

Ice cores are cylindrical samples drilled from glaciers, which allow scientists to study layers of ice that have built up over thousands of years. Each layer holds important environmental information, including preserved microorganisms like viruses. The ice core from the Guliya Glacier is 310 meters long and provides samples from different climatic periods, making it a valuable resource for studying ancient climates and viral history.

Genomic Analysis

The research team used advanced techniques to extract DNA and sequence the genomes of the viruses found in the ice. They identified 1,705 different species of viruses, each showing significant genetic differences based on the climate conditions when they were active.

Viral Communities and Adaptation

The study revealed that some viral communities were unique to the region and were particularly active around 11,000 years ago during periods of climate change. These viruses showed remarkable adaptations, such as acquiring genetic material from the bacteria they infected (like Flavobacterium) to improve their own survival and metabolic functions.

Evolutionary Insights

The analysis showed a strong connection between viral activity and climate change. This suggests that as the climate shifted, new viruses emerged, putting pressure on existing strains to evolve. This kind of evolutionary interaction may have played a key role in shaping viral populations over time.

As global warming causes glaciers and permafrost to melt, there is a growing concern that ancient viruses, long trapped in ice, could be released into modern environments. This poses potential health risks, as these ancient viruses might interact with current ecosystems in unpredictable ways. Further research is needed to understand how these viruses behave and adapt.

Importance of the Research

This study highlights the importance of collecting and analyzing ice core samples from around the world, especially as glaciers continue to melt. These ice cores contain critical information about past viral and climate interactions, which could be lost forever if not studied soon. Understanding these ancient viruses is essential for predicting how they might respond to current and future climate changes in the Anthropocene era—the current period in which human activity is the dominant influence on climate and the environment.

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FAA Grounds SpaceX’s Falcon 9 After Landing Failure

Latest News: 03rd September 2024, UPSC Preparation

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) ordered SpaceX to temporarily stop using its Falcon 9 rocket, on August 28, 2024. This decision came after the rocket failed to land properly after completing a mission to launch Starlink satellites. This was the second time in recent months that technical problems led the FAA to step in; a similar incident happened in July 2023.

What is the Falcon 9 Rocket?

The Falcon 9 is a rocket developed by SpaceX, a company owned by Elon Musk. It’s called “Falcon 9” because it has nine engines in its first stage. The rocket is special because it can be reused. It has two main parts:

First Stage: This part has nine engines and is designed to come back to Earth and land so it can be used again.

Second Stage: This part has one engine and is responsible for placing the payload (like satellites or astronauts) into the correct orbit.

Falcon 9 is mainly used to send things like satellites into space or to transport astronauts to the International Space Station (ISS).

What Went Wrong?

On August 28, 2024, Falcon 9 successfully launched Starlink satellites into space. However, when the first stage of the rocket tried to land back on Earth, it tipped over and fell into the ocean instead of landing properly. Just a month earlier, in July, another Falcon 9 mission had problems when one of its engines failed, leaving satellites in a bad orbit where they couldn’t survive.

The FAA is now looking into why the Falcon 9 failed to land correctly. Even though they are investigating, the FAA might still allow SpaceX to continue launching rockets while they figure out what went wrong. This is important because SpaceX has many planned launches, including one in September 2023 that will carry NASA astronauts.

How Successful is Falcon 9?

In 2023, Falcon 9 has been very busy. It completed 96 launches, which is more than any other country’s rockets. For comparison, China completed 67 rocket launches in 2023. The Falcon 9 is crucial because it’s also scheduled to take NASA astronauts to space in September and return them in February 2024.

If the FAA doesn’t allow SpaceX to quickly resume using Falcon 9, it could delay upcoming missions. This includes the important NASA astronaut launch in September 2023 and their return in February 2024.

About Falcon 9

Falcon 9 was first launched in June 2010. It has since completed over 180 missions. The rocket’s name comes from the “Millennium Falcon” in Star Wars and the nine engines in its first stage. One of its unique features is that the first stage can land back on Earth, allowing SpaceX to reuse it for future missions. Falcon 9 is also known for being the first commercial rocket to reach orbit and successfully carry astronauts into space.

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Astronomers Discover Brightest Quasar Ever: J0529-4351

Latest News: 02nd September 2024, UPSC Preparation

Astronomers have found an extraordinary quasar named J0529-4351, which is the brightest object ever observed in the universe. Detected with the Very Large Telescope (VLT) by the European Southern Observatory, this quasar has amazed scientists because of its incredible brightness and fast expansion.

What is a Quasar?

Quasars are incredibly bright centers of distant galaxies. They are powered by supermassive black holes at their cores. As gas and dust from the surrounding area fall into these black holes, they produce huge amounts of light and other forms of radiation, making quasars shine extremely brightly.

The Discovery of J0529-4351

J0529-4351 is notable for being exceptionally bright and expanding very quickly. It absorbs mass at a rate of one solar mass (the mass of our Sun) per day and shines more than 500 trillion times brighter than the Sun.

According to astronomer Christian Wolf, J0529-4351 is in an extreme environment with high-speed clouds, intense heat, and enormous cosmic lightning storms. This makes it one of the most extreme places known in the universe.

Historical Significance

The light from J0529-4351 has been traveling through space for over 12 billion years. This means it offers a rare glimpse into the early days of the universe. Its accretion disk, the glowing ring of material around the quasar, is the largest known, stretching across seven light-years.

Although J0529-4351 was visible as early as 1980, its true nature was confirmed only recently using a 2.3-meter telescope in Australia. The VLT’s advanced technology ultimately verified it as the brightest quasar known.

Astronomers’ Awe

Christopher Onken from the Australian National University (ANU) was surprised that J0529-4351 went unnoticed for so long. Despite astronomers having cataloged about a million less bright quasars, the discovery of J0529-4351 shows that there are still astonishing celestial objects to be found in the universe

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What is Whitetopping Technology?

Latest News: 29th August 2024, UPSC Preparation

The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH) in India is proposing a new policy to repair and upgrade old national highways using a method called Whitetopping Technology. MoRTH is asking for feedback on this idea from stakeholders by September 7. This policy is needed because many parts of India’s national highways, which cover about 1.46 lakh km, are aging and require improvement.

Definition of Whitetopping Technology

Whitetopping is a process where a layer of Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) is placed on top of existing bituminous (asphalt) roads. This technique is especially useful for roads that have ongoing problems due to poor drainage. Whitetopping has already been used successfully in various government projects, such as the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY), and cities like Bengaluru.

Benefits of Whitetopping

Whitetopping offers several advantages compared to traditional asphalt overlays:

Longer Lifespan: It can extend the life of a road by 20-25 years.

Less Maintenance: Roads require fewer repairs and less frequent lane closures.

Cost-Effective: Although the initial cost is higher, the long-term savings from reduced maintenance make it a smart investment.

Environmental Benefits: The lighter color of concrete reflects more light, helping to cool urban areas and reduce the heat island effect.

Better Performance: Whitetopping is more resistant to common road issues like deformation, rutting, and cracking, especially in hot climates.

Improved Fuel Efficiency: Vehicles use less fuel when driving on concrete roads compared to asphalt roads.

MoRTH is actively seeking input from various stakeholders to fine-tune the proposed policy and ensure it is implemented effectively. Gathering feedback is important to address any practical challenges and make this innovative approach to highway maintenance successful.

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What is Solar Paraboloid Technology?

Latest News: 28th August 2024, UPSC Preparation

As the world moves towards using more renewable energy, solar paraboloid technology is becoming more popular because it could make solar power more efficient. This technology might play a big role in reducing carbon emissions and helping countries meet their net-zero goals.

Solar Paraboloid Technology

Solar paraboloids use a Parabolic Trough Collector (PTC) system. This system has long, curved mirrors that focus sunlight onto a tube. The energy collected heats a fluid inside the tube, which can then be used to generate electricity or provide heat for industries. Unlike traditional solar panels, solar paraboloids can work at much higher temperatures, up to 300°C, making them more efficient by reducing heat loss.

Economic Impact and Market Potential

Although solar paraboloids can produce more electricity from the same amount of sunlight compared to regular methods, they are expensive to set up and require complicated infrastructure. However, with better efficiency, they could help lower electricity costs, making solar energy more competitive with fossil fuels. Investment in research, development, and government support is crucial to overcome the challenges.

Industry Response and Future Prospects

The industry has shown cautious interest in solar paraboloid technology, with successful projects like the Godavari solar project and the Dadri ISCC plant. However, high costs and technical challenges remain obstacles. Despite this, the future looks promising. As the demand for renewable energy increases, solar paraboloids could play a vital role in meeting global renewable energy targets, possibly becoming cost-competitive by 2050.

Could this be a Game Changer in Renewable Energy?

Solar paraboloid technology is still in its early stages but has the potential to revolutionize renewable energy. With continued research, innovation, and supportive policies, it could become a major player in the energy market, offering an effective solution to meet the world’s growing energy needs and significantly contributing to sustainable energy goals.

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India Celebrates First National Space Day on August 23

Latest News: 25th August 2024, UPSC Preparation

India celebrated its very first National Space Day on August 23, 2024. The theme for the day was “Touching lives while touching the Moon: India’s space saga,” highlighting how the country’s space missions impact everyday life while also reaching extraordinary heights, like the Moon. This date is special because it marks the anniversary of the Chandrayaan-3 mission, which successfully landed on the Moon in 2023. This achievement made India the fourth country in the world to land on the Moon and the first to land at the Moon’s South Pole.

The Importance of Chandrayaan-3

The Chandrayaan-3 mission is a major milestone in India’s space journey. It showed how much progress India has made in space technology and how determined the country is to explore space. By successfully landing on the Moon, India strengthened its reputation in the global space community, proving that it is a significant player in space exploration.

Celebrations Across India

Across the country, many institutions celebrated National Space Day with events open to the public. These events showcased the achievements of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and other contributors to India’s space efforts. People learned about the hard work and success of Indian scientists and engineers who made these space missions possible.

Reactions from Government and Leaders

Indian leaders, including Prime Minister Narendra Modi, were excited about the day and the achievements in space exploration. They shared their thoughts on social media, praising the accomplishments of Indian scientists and highlighting the government’s dedication to pushing the space sector even further. They emphasized that India is committed to continuing its progress in space.

Looking to the Future

As India looks ahead, there’s a lot of excitement about upcoming space missions, especially Gaganyaan, which is India’s plan to send humans into space in 2024. The government has a clear vision for the future, aiming to keep India at the forefront of space exploration. National Space Day is a time to remember India’s incredible achievements in space. It honors the scientists who have made these accomplishments possible and also serves as a reminder of the exciting future that lies ahead for India’s space program.

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India Tags Horseshoe Crabs for Conservation Efforts

Latest News: 22nd August 2024, UPSC Preparation

The Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) and the Odisha Forest Department have started a project to tag horseshoe

crabs along the Odisha coast. This is the first time India has taken such an initiative to help protect these crabs, whose numbers are worryingly decreasing.

Why Horseshoe Crabs Are Important

Horseshoe crabs are some of the oldest creatures on Earth and are very important for medicine. Their blood is used to test the safety of medical products, making them essential for our health.

Types of Horseshoe Crabs in India

India has two species of horseshoe crabs: Tachypleus gigas, found on the Odisha coast, and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda, found in the Sundarbans mangroves of West Bengal. Both species are protected under India’s Wildlife Protection Act of 1972.

Threats to Horseshoe Crabs

Horseshoe crabs face many threats, especially from harmful fishing practices and illegal smuggling, which have caused their numbers to decline. It’s important to have strong management strategies to protect them.

The Tagging Program

The tagging program involves attaching small tags to horseshoe crabs to learn more about their populations and where they live. So far, 70 crabs have been tagged, and the plan is to tag hundreds more over the next three years.

Working Together to Protect Horseshoe Crabs

Fakir Mohan University of Balasore and other experts are helping with this conservation project. They are looking for ways to reduce harmful fishing practices, like using destructive nets, that threaten horseshoe crabs. In the long term, wildlife experts are pushing for the development of a Species Recovery Plan. This plan would help ensure the survival and protection of horseshoe crabs in India.

Interesting Facts About Horseshoe Crabs

• Horseshoe crabs are more related to spiders than to crabs.

• They have blue blood because it contains a special substance called hemocyanin that helps carry oxygen.

• Horseshoe crabs have been around for over 450 million years and have survived five mass extinctions.

• They don’t have jaws; they use special appendages to chew their food.

• Their eyes can see ultraviolet light.

• They can regenerate lost limbs.

• Horseshoe crab blood is very important for testing medical equipment for bacteria, so they are crucial for modern medicine.

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Super Blue Moon

Latest News: 21st August 2024

The rare supermoon blue moon, also known as the ‘Sturgeon Moon’ appeared on August 19, 2024. A super moon happens when the full moon is at the closest point to Earth in its orbit. Because the moon is closer, it looks about 14% bigger and 30% brighter than it does when it’s farther away. A full moon occurs when the moon is positioned directly opposite the sun, making the whole side we see fully lit up. The full moon will rise around sunset and set around sunrise, and it will look “full” not just on the main night but also on the nights right before and after.

What is a Blue Moon?

A blue moon is a term used when there are two full moons in a single month, which happens every 2-3 years. Another definition also refers to the third full moon in a season with four full moons. The blue moon on August 19 was the first of four supermoons in 2024. The others will appear on September 18, October 17, and November 15.

Will the Moon Look Blue?

Even though it’s called a blue moon, the moon won’t look blue. The only time the moon might appear bluish is if there are certain atmospheric conditions, like smoke or dust. Normally, the moon will look more yellow or orange when it’s close to the horizon because of the way light scatters in the atmosphere.

How Often Do Super Blue Moons Happen?

Super blue moons are quite rare, occurring roughly every 10 to 20 years. While about 25% of all full moons are super moons, only about 3% are blue moons. This makes the Super Blue Moon a special event.

Why Might the Moon Look Bigger or Smaller?

While a super moon is technically bigger and brighter, not everyone may notice the difference. How large the moon appears can depend on where you are, how clear the sky is, and something called the “moon illusion,” where the moon looks larger when it’s near the horizon compared to when it’s higher in the sky

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What is Krishi-DSS Digital Geospatial Platform?

Latest News: 20th August 2024, UPSC Preparation

The Indian government introduced the Krishi-Decision Support System (Krishi-DSS), a digital platform designed to manage agricultural data across the country, on August 16 2024. This tool provides a wide range of information, including satellite images, weather data, and soil health details, all accessible from anywhere at any time.

Platform Overview

Krishi-DSS was created through a collaboration between the Ministry of Agriculture and the Department of Space. It collects detailed data about farming, from large-scale agricultural areas down to specific soil characteristics, helping farmers and policymakers make better decisions.

Key Features

Drought Monitoring: The platform tracks drought conditions by providing updates on soil moisture, water levels, and crop health, allowing the government to respond quickly.

Crop Weather Watch: This feature continuously monitors how weather affects crops, including harvest progress and instances of crop residue burning.

Field-Parcel Segmentation: By identifying specific field units, the system helps understand the unique needs of each area, enabling more targeted farming interventions.

Soil Information System: Krishi-DSS gathers detailed soil data, such as soil type, pH levels, and overall health, which is essential for determining the best crops for specific lands.

Applications and Benefits

The data provided by Krishi-DSS supports informed decision-making for both farmers and the government. It helps develop solutions tailored to farmers’ needs, including:

Personalized Advisories: Customized advice based on specific agricultural conditions.

Disaster Alerts: Early warnings for threats like pest outbreaks and extreme weather.

Krishi-DSS is a major step forward in using technology to innovate agriculture in India. By integrating extensive data, it aims to boost productivity, support research, and enhance the overall resilience of the agricultural sector.

About the Ministry of Agriculture

The Ministry of Agriculture manages food production, land management, and agricultural policies. Established in many countries, it often works with rural development programs. The first agricultural ministry was created in France in 1826. In the U.S., the Department of Agriculture was founded in 1862, launching important programs like the Cooperative Extension Service. The ministry is also involved in research, promoting sustainable practices, and addressing food security. It plays a role in international agreements on agricultural trade and climate impacts, shaping global food systems.

New Orchid Species Discovered in Sikkim

Latest News: 19th August 2024

A newly discovered orchid species, Gastrodia indica, was found in Fambonglho Wildlife Sanctuary in Sikkim, India, by botanist Madhusudan Khanal. This orchid is notable because it does not open its flowers, a rare trait among

orchids, making it the first known cleistogamous orchid in India.

Discovery Details

Gastrodia indica was found at an altitude of 1,950 to 2,100 meters. This discovery increases the number of Gastrodia species in India to ten. Khanal also prepared herbarium specimens to preserve samples of this new find.

Cleistogamy Explained

Cleistogamous

plants, like Gastrodia indica, produce flowers that stay closed. This is different from chasmogamous flowers, which open up for pollination. Staying closed helps Gastrodia indica to self-pollinate, which is useful in its specific environment.

Ecological Relations

Gastrodia indica is a holomycotrophic plant, meaning it depends entirely on fungi for its nutrients because it lacks chlorophyll. It grows in moist, decaying leaf litter and is found near tree species like Magnolia doltsopa and Acer campbelli. There are fewer than 100 Gastrodia indica plants observed. Its small population and specialized habitat make it vulnerable to threats. Any disturbance in its environment could risk its survival.

Significance of Fambonglho Wildlife Sanctuary

Fambonglho Wildlife Sanctuary is important for protecting a wide range of wildlife and plants, including rare species. It provides a safe haven for endangered animals and is a key habitat for orchids and other sensitive plants. The sanctuary also offers beautiful views of the Khangchendzonga mountain range.

About Orchids

Orchids are one of the largest plant families, with over 25,000 species. They grow on every continent except Antarctica. Some orchids have evolved to mimic female insects to attract male pollinators. Vanilla, the only edible orchid, comes from the Vanilla planifolia genus. Orchids can live for many years, and their seeds are very small, often needing specific fungi to grow. Some orchids, like the Ghost Orchid, lack chlorophyll and depend entirely on their host for nutrients.

About Fambonglho Wildlife Sanctuary

Located in Sikkim, India, Fambonglho Wildlife Sanctuary covers 51.76 square kilometers. Established in 2001, it is home to diverse plant and animal species, including endangered ones like the Red Panda and Himalayan Black Bear. The sanctuary is part of the Khangchendzonga biosphere reserve, with rich biodiversity that includes over 118 bird species and many orchids. It also plays a crucial role in supporting the local water supply and features a range of ecosystems due to its elevation, which ranges from 1,800 to 3,000 meters.

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ISRO Launched SSLV-D3-EOS-08

Latest News: 18th August 2024, UPSC Preparation

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) launched the SSLV-D3-EOS-08 mission. This mission launched a small satellite designed to observe Earth. It follows the success of the earlier SSLV-D2-EOS-07 mission, which was launched in February 2023.

Development Milestones

The SSLV-D3-EOS-08 is the third flight in ISRO’s Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) series. This mission completes the development phase of this new rocket. Earlier in 2024, ISRO successfully launched two other missions: PSLV-C58/XpoSat in January and GSLV-F14/INSAT-3DS in February.

Launch Details

Originally set for August 15, the launch has been rescheduled to August 16 at 9:19 am IST. The launch occurred at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre. The SSLV rocket is about 34 meters tall and can carry payloads weighing up to 500 kg into Low Earth Orbit (LEO).

Mission Objectives

The goals of the SSLV-D3-EOS-08 mission include:

• Building and launching a microsatellite.

• Developing instruments that will work with this microsatellite.

• Using new technology for future satellites.

Satellite Specifications

The Earth Observation Satellite involved in this mission:

• Weighs about 175.5 kg.

• Uses 420 watts of power.

• Is built on the Microsat/IMS-1 bus.

• Has a mission life of one year and will be launched using the SSLV-D3 rocket.

Payload Details

The satellite has three main instruments:

Electro-Optical Infrared Payload (EOIR): Takes pictures using infrared light to help with surveillance, disaster monitoring, and environmental studies.

Global Navigation Satellite System-Reflectometry Payload (GNSS-R): Uses GPS signals to analyze ocean winds, and soil moisture, and detect floods.

SiC UV Dosimeter: Measures ultraviolet light for the Gaganyaan Mission and acts as a sensor for gamma radiation.

Commercial Implications

The successful launch of SSLV-D3-EOS-08 is expected to boost the capabilities of NewSpace India Ltd, ISRO’s commercial arm. This will likely open up more opportunities in the satellite launch market.

About Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV)

The Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) is an Indian rocket designed for quickly launching small satellites. It can carry about 500 kg of payload to sun-synchronous orbits and can be assembled in just 72 hours. SSLV had its first flight in August 2022 and is used for commercial satellite launches. It is based on the successful Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and offers flexibility for multiple missions, enhancing India’s launch capabilities.

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What is Human Parvovirus B19?

Latest News: 17th August 2024, UPSC Preparation

The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a warning on August 13, about an increase in cases of parvovirus B19, also known as “fifth disease.” This is a highly contagious infection that is currently affecting many young children in the United States. There has also been a spike in cases across 14 European countries earlier in 2024.

What is Parvovirus B19?

Parvovirus B19 is a virus that spreads through the air via tiny droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It is a seasonal virus, meaning it tends to appear more during certain times of the year. People who have the virus might not show any symptoms, but they can still spread it to others. The CDC has noticed an unusual rise in the number of infections, even though this virus is not usually monitored closely.

What are the Symptoms?

When someone gets infected with parvovirus B19, they might first feel like they have the flu, with symptoms such as muscle aches, fever, headache, and feeling very tired. After a few days, more noticeable symptoms can appear, like:

• A red rash on the face that looks like the person’s cheeks have been slapped.

• Joint pain and swelling.

• A rash on other parts of the body.

How is it Treated?

There is no specific medicine to cure parvovirus B19. Treatment focuses on making the person feel better by relieving symptoms like fever and pain. Most people recover without any serious problems. However, those with weakened immune systems or certain blood disorders might face more severe issues, such as anemia (a condition where the body doesn’t have enough healthy red blood cells).

Who is Most at Risk?

Pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to parvovirus B19. If they become infected, there is a small risk (5-10%) of complications, including miscarriage. The virus can be passed from the mother to the fetus.

How Contagious is It?

People are most contagious in the early stages of the infection, even before the rash appears. Once the rash shows up, the risk of spreading the virus decreases. Since there is no vaccine to prevent parvovirus B19, the CDC recommends basic hygiene practices like regular hand washing, wearing masks, and taking general precautions to avoid getting infected.

More About Parvovirus B19

Parvovirus B19 was first discovered in 1975. It primarily infects humans and is known for causing fifth disease, especially in children. The virus attacks certain cells in the bone marrow, which can lead to anemia in people with certain health conditions. It is mainly spread through respiratory droplets, but it can also be transmitted through blood. Although many people do not show symptoms, the virus can cause serious complications, especially during pregnancy.

What is the Fifth Disease?

The fifth disease is most common in children and is known for the distinctive red rash on the cheeks. The name “fifth disease” comes from its place on a historical list of common childhood rashes. While the disease is usually mild and goes away on its own in one to three weeks, it can cause anemia in people with certain blood disorders. Severe cases are rare, but when they occur, they require careful medical attention.

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World’s Oldest Calendar Discovered

Latest News: 16th August 2024, UPSC Preparation

Archaeologists at Göbekli Tepe in southern Turkey have discovered what is thought to be the Earth’s oldest known Sun-and-Moon

calendar, carved into a large stone pillar. This discovery, reported in a study on July 24, offers new insights into the development of early timekeeping methods.

Key Discovery

The pillar, estimated to be nearly 13,000 years old, is adorned with 365 V-shaped symbols, each likely representing a single day. This design reflects an advanced understanding of both solar and lunar cycles. The calendar includes 12 lunar months plus an additional 11 days, indicating that ancient societies had a sophisticated grasp of time.

Historical Implications

In addition to the calendar, the pillar features carvings of a bird-like figure, which may symbolize the summer solstice constellation. These carvings are believed to date back to around 10,850 B.C., a period marked by a major comet strike that possibly impacted the climate and culture of the region. This comet event is thought to have triggered an ice age, leading to changes in societal structures and potentially fostering new religious and agricultural practices.

Impact on Human Development

Martin Sweatman, one of the study’s authors, suggests that the comet strike and its environmental effects might have spurred the development of early writing systems. The findings at Göbekli Tepe not only demonstrate early human observations of celestial events but also enhance our understanding of prehistoric societies. This discovery sheds light on early astronomical practices and cultural dynamics in Turkey, revealing the complex knowledge systems of ancient peoples and paving the way for future advancements in human knowledge.

Facts About Göbekli Tepe

• Göbekli Tepe, in Turkey, is the oldest known temple complex, built around 9600 BCE.

• It has huge stone pillars set up in circles, which were likely used for ceremonies.

• Göbekli Tepe was built over 6,000 years before Stonehenge.

• It was likely constructed by people who didn’t farm, which is surprising because it was thought that farming came before building complex structures.

• What exactly Göbekli Tepe was used for is still debated, with ideas like ancestor worship being possible reasons.

• The site has detailed carvings of animals, showing early forms of symbolic thinking.

• Excavations started in the 1990s, revealing the importance of the site.

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What is Dynamic Reference Rate?

Latest News: 15th August 2024, UPSC Preparation

India and Russia are working on introducing a “dynamic reference rate” for their currencies, the Indian Rupee (INR) and the Russian Rouble (RUB), to make financial transactions between the two countries easier and to reduce the impact of U.S. sanctions on Russia. Despite these efforts, India’s Reserve Bank Governor, Shaktikanta Das, has clarified that there are no plans to completely stop using the U.S. dollar, which remains the dominant currency in global trade.

Current Financial Transaction Challenges

Currently, converting Indian Rupees to Russian Roubles is a complicated process. It usually involves first converting INR to U.S. dollars (USD) and then from USD to RUB. This process is made even more complex by U.S. sanctions, which limit Russian banks’ access to international financial systems, particularly for large transactions. Additionally, because India imports more from Russia than it exports, Russian banks end up holding large amounts of Indian Rupees, which complicates financial dealings further.

Proposed Solutions

To simplify this, India and Russia are considering setting up a direct exchange rate between the INR and RUB. This rate would be adjusted according to the market by both the Reserve Bank of India and the Bank of Russia. This plan is similar to a system India has with the UAE, where local currency settlements are used for transactions. Additionally, there is potential for Russia to invest its funds in Indian financial markets, which could strengthen economic ties between the two countries.

Continuation of US Sanctions

However, U.S. sanctions continue to restrict Russian banks’ access to global financial services, forcing them to rely on smaller banks for some transactions. This situation highlights the need for better systems for INR-RUB exchanges and investments, especially for large trade deals.

India’s Strategic Moves toward De-Dollarisation

Efforts to reduce dependence on the U.S. dollar were also discussed by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Russian President Vladimir Putin in July 2023. These discussions were part of a broader initiative within BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) to lessen reliance on the dollar in international trade. India has also started a digital platform with ASEAN countries to conduct cross-border trade without using the dollar. Currently, about 60% of trade with Russia is done in local currencies.

The BRICS Initiative

BRICS countries are exploring the possibility of creating a new reserve currency backed by their collective currencies, although this has not yet been implemented. Projects like the BRICS Bridge are looking into using blockchain technology to enhance financial integration among member countries, especially through central bank digital currencies.

About Dynamic Reference Rate

The “Dynamic Reference Rate” (DRR) that India and Russia are considering would adjust according to real-time market conditions. It would serve as a benchmark for various financial products, such as loans and derivatives. Unlike fixed rates, the DRR is designed to increase transparency and reflect the rates set by central banks, which can help stabilize markets during volatile times. The use of DRR is growing, especially in emerging markets, as digital finance continues to advance.

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JUICE Mission Sets to Break Records with Lunar-Earth Flyby

Latest News: 13th August 2024

The European Space Agency (ESA) is about to perform a very important and new kind of move in its JUICE mission. This move called a Lunar-Earth gravity assist, will use both the Moon and Earth to help change the spacecraft’s speed and direction. It’s the first time a spacecraft will use two different celestial bodies in this way. This maneuver is crucial and will greatly affect how the rest of the mission goes.

What is the JUICE Mission?

JUICE, which stands for JUpiter ICy moons Explorer, is a spacecraft created to study the moons of Jupiter, especially Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto, to see if they could support life.

Execution of the Flyby

Here’s how it will work:

Moon Encounter: On August 19, 2023, at 21:16 UTC, JUICE will fly close to the Moon, which will slow it down a bit.

Earth Approach: About 25 hours later, JUICE will come near Earth, where Earth’s gravity will slow it down even more.

Challenges of the Maneuver

The maneuver needs to be done with very careful timing and exact positioning. Even a small mistake could put the whole mission at risk. It’s like trying to drive through a narrow hallway at a high speed, as described by Spacecraft Operations Manager Ignacio Tanco. The main goal of the mission is to find out if any of Jupiter’s icy moons could support life. Dr. Olivier Witasse emphasized that this is the most important question the mission is trying to answer.

Benefits of the Flyby

The fuel saved during the Lunar-Earth gravity assist (LEGA) is very important for JUICE’s future tasks. It will allow the spacecraft to fly close to Ganymede, one of Jupiter’s moons, at about 200 kilometers (120 miles) above its surface to take detailed pictures and measurements. This flyby will also give the team a chance to test the spacecraft’s tools in space, making sure they work well before JUICE begins its detailed studies of Ganymede and other moons.

Facts about JUICE mission

• The JUICE mission, led by the European Space Agency (ESA), aims to explore Jupiter’s moons, especially Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto.

• The mission was launched in April 2023 and will take eight years to reach Jupiter.

• The spacecraft has ten scientific instruments to study the icy surfaces and possible underground oceans of the moons.

• Its findings could help us understand if life could exist beyond Earth.

• JUICE will also study Jupiter’s magnetic field and atmosphere, providing important data for planetary science.

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What is Waqf Act?

Latest News: 7th August 2024, UPSC Preparation

There are ongoing discussions about a possible government bill to change the Waqf Act of 1995. This bill aims to improve accountability and transparency in Waqf boards and promote the inclusion of women in their administration.

Understanding Waqf Boards

Waqf Boards in India, created under the Waqf Act of 1995, manage Waqf properties. These properties support religious, social, and educational institutions. There are 30 Waqf Boards across India, overseeing properties worth crores of rupees and generating about Rs 200 crore in annual revenue.

What is Waqf?

A Waqf is a charitable donation in Islamic law, usually involving property given for religious or charitable purposes. The administration of Waqf properties is usually handled by a mutawalli, who can be an individual or a management committee.

Government’s Position

Government officials, like former Minority Affairs Minister Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi, argue for reforms to make Waqf management more accountable and inclusive, removing political barriers. However, many Muslim organizations, including the All India Muslim Personal Law Board (AIMPLB), strongly oppose the proposed changes. They believe these changes would reduce Waqf boards’ autonomy and legal status.

Political Dynamics Surrounding Waqf Boards

Waqf Boards are very influential within the Muslim community. Various political parties, especially those supporting secularism, oppose reforms that they see as infringing on the rights of Muslims, similar to past issues like the Triple Talaq Bill.

Historical Timeline of Waqf Legislations

Here’s a brief history of Waqf legislation in India:

• 1913: Initial acts related to Waqf properties were introduced.

• 1923: The UP Muslim Waqf Act was enacted during British rule.

• 1936: The State of UP enacted its own Waqf Act.

• 1942: The UP Sunni Central Waqf Board was established.

• 1960: A comprehensive UP Muslim Waqf Act replaced earlier laws.

• 1995: The Central Waqf Act was introduced for uniform administration, with further amendments in 2013.

The government’s efforts to reform Waqf boards are complex and have drawn both support and significant opposition, centered around issues of accountability, representation, and religious sensitivities within the Muslim community.

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What is B-Ready Index?

Latest News: 6th August 2024, UPSC Preparation

India is preparing for the World Bank’s new Business-Ready (B-Ready) index, which will evaluate the global business environment and investment climate. This new index replaces the Doing Business index and focuses on key factors that affect how businesses operate.

Transition from Doing Business Index

The B-Ready index aims to give a more complete picture than the Doing Business index. It will compare countries based on ten important topics that cover the entire life cycle of businesses. The B-Ready report will focus on crucial areas such as:

• Business entry: How easy it is to start a business

• Labour: Employment regulations and workforce conditions

• Financial services: Access to banking and financial products

• International trade: How efficiently goods are imported and exported

• Taxation: Tax policies and their impact on businesses

These topics will provide insights into the rules and conditions that businesses operate under.

International Trade Assessment

One of the key areas is international trade, which looks at how efficiently goods are imported and exported. This includes customs procedures and the role of digital trade, which makes it easier to access global markets. Digital trade helps increase transactions across borders, making international markets more accessible. Simplifying processes and lowering compliance costs are essential for maximizing the benefits of international trade, according to officials.

Target for E-commerce Exports

India aims to reach $200-300 billion in e-commerce exports by 2030. Currently, e-commerce exports make up only a small part (0.9-1.1%) of the country’s total merchandise exports, so there is a need to become more efficient and increase capacity.

About B-Ready index

The B-Ready index also evaluates how prepared businesses are for economic shocks and crises. Created by the Global Business Network, it looks at resilience and adaptability, considering factors like supply chain stability, workforce flexibility, and technology use. Countries with higher B-Ready scores often recover faster from crises. The index encourages proactive risk management strategies and has been useful during the COVID-19 pandemic in helping businesses identify weaknesses. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) often score lower due to limited resources. The index highlights the importance of sustainable practices for long-term resilience.

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Saturn Ejects Comet A117uUD into Interstellar Space

Latest News: 5th August 2024, UPSC Preparation

In 2024, scientists made a significant discovery when they announced that comet A117uUD had been ejected from our solar system after a close encounter with Saturn.

Discovery of Comet A117uUD

The comet, A117uUD, was discovered by the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS) on June 14, 2024. Researchers studied its path around the Sun using 142 tracking observations.

Impact of Saturn’s Gravity

In 2022, A117uUD had a close encounter with Saturn. The planet’s strong gravity changed the comet’s path, sending it into a very elongated orbit and eventually ejecting it from the solar system at a speed of about 10,800 km/h. This event is only the second time scientists have documented a comet being thrown out of the solar system by a planet’s gravity. The first time was with Comet C/1980 E1 (Bowell) and Jupiter in 1980.

Insights from the Ejection

Studying A117uUD’s path provides valuable insights into how gravity affects objects in space. This event suggests that comet ejections might happen more often than previously thought, challenging the idea that they are rare. As A117uUD travels into interstellar space, it joins a growing list of objects from outside our solar system, helping scientists learn more about space mechanics and the chances of future encounters with similar objects.

Role of ATLAS

The ATLAS system played a crucial role in discovering and monitoring A117uUD, highlighting its importance in expanding our knowledge of the solar system and unusual celestial events. Scientists will continue to observe A117uUD to uncover more mysteries about our solar system and prepare for possible future encounters with interstellar objects.

Saturn Facts:

• Size and Rings: Saturn is the second-largest planet in our solar system, famous for its spectacular rings made of ice and rock.

• Moons: It has 83 confirmed moons, with Titan being larger than the planet Mercury.

• Winds: Saturn’s winds can reach speeds of 1,100 miles per hour.

• Composition: It is a gas giant primarily made of hydrogen and helium.

• Density: Despite its size, Saturn is so light that it could float in water.

• Color: The planet’s yellowish color comes from ammonia crystals in its atmosphere.

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What is CAR-T cell therapy? – Current Updates (August, 2024)

Latest News: 4th August 2024, UPSC Preparation

CAR-T cell therapy is a groundbreaking type of immunotherapy that uses the patient’s immune system to fight certain blood cancers. It is particularly promising for treating leukemia and lymphoma.

Understanding the Immune System

The immune system is the body’s defense against diseases, composed of various types of cells:

• White Blood Cells (WBCs): Made in the bone marrow, they fight infections.

• Neutrophils: Attack harmful invaders.

• Lymphocytes: These include B-cells (which make antibodies) and T-cells (which kill infected cells).

• Monocytes: Turn into macrophages to eat up invaders.

• Eosinophils: Fight parasites and reduce inflammation.

• Basophils: Involved in inflammatory responses.

Immune Response Mechanisms

The immune system has two main strategies:

• Innate Immunity: Provides quick, general defense using barriers and certain cells.

• Adaptive Immunity: Uses lymphocytes for a targeted response, creating memory cells for future protection.

T-Cells and CAR-T Therapy

T-cells are important in CAR-T cell therapy because they can remember and attack specific harmful invaders. In this therapy, scientists change the T-cells using genetic engineering. They add special receptors called chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) to the T-cells. These CARs help the T-cells recognize and stick to cancer cells. This allows the T-cells to find and destroy the cancer cells more effectively.

The CAR-T Cell Therapy Procedure

T-cells are vital in this therapy because they can remember and attack specific pathogens. Here’s how the therapy works:

• Apheresis: Collecting T-cells from the patient’s blood.

• Genetic Modification: Altering T-cells in the lab to add CARs (Chimeric Antigen Receptors) that recognize and bind to cancer cells.

• Expansion: Growing a large number of modified T-cells.

• Reinfusion: Putting the modified T-cells back into the patient’s bloodstream

Benefits of CAR-T Cell Therapy

• Targeted Precision: Directly attacks cancer cells, sparing healthy tissues and reducing side effects.

• Personalized Treatment: Customized to the patient’s specific type of cancer.

• Long-Lasting Effects: Provides a prolonged immune response against cancer.

• Reduced Healthcare Costs: Fewer hospital stays and less need for ongoing treatment.

• Advances in Research: Constant improvements lead to new treatment options and better patient outcomes.

• Affordability: Innovations like NexCAR19 make the therapy more accessible.

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Tree Cover Increase Threatens Grassland Bird Populations

Latest News: 2nd August 2024, UPSC Preparation

Increasing tree cover is usually seen as good for protecting nature and fighting climate change. But new research shows that trees spreading into places that have always been open, like savannahs and grasslands, can harm native animals, especially birds that live in grasslands. A major study in Global Change Biology found that grassland bird numbers in the African savannah have dropped by more than 20%.

Understanding Open Ecosystems

Grasslands and savannahs are very important for biodiversity. They make up almost 40% of the Earth’s land and support many different species, from large plant-eaters to unique birds. However, these ecosystems face threats from being turned into farmland, being built on, and being overgrazed. Another threat is woody encroachment.

Woody Encroachment Defined

Woody encroachment happens when open areas, like grasslands and savannahs, start to have more trees and shrubs. This change makes the ecosystem more uniform, with fewer different types of plants and animals. As a result, the overall biodiversity decreases.

Factors Driving Woody Encroachment

Several things cause woody encroachment:

• Disruption of Disturbance Regimes: Natural and human activities, like stopping fires and changing grazing habits, allow trees to grow more.

• Climate Change: Higher CO2 levels help trees grow more than grasses, which leads to fewer grasslands.

Consequences for Biodiversity

The change from open areas to ones with more trees has big effects on biodiversity:

• Declining Bird Populations: Bird species that live in grasslands are decreasing because trees are taking over their habitats.

• Altered Ecosystem Dynamics: Changes in the soil and higher risk of predation threaten animals like grassland rodents.

Invasive Species and Plantation Effects

Invasive tree species make woody encroachment worse. For example, in India, species like Prosopis juliflora have turned grasslands into dense woodlands, harming the habitat even more. To fight the negative effects of woody encroachment, more research is needed to understand its impact and to monitor open ecosystems over time. It’s also important to stop misclassifying these habitats as “wastelands” to protect them effectively.

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What Is Money Dysmorphia?

Latest News: 31st July 2024, UPSC Preparation

Generation Z, born between 1997 and 2012, has unparalleled access to financial information and career opportunities compared to previous generations. Despite this advantage, many of them feel anxious about their financial futures.

Understanding Money Dysmorphia

Almost 50% of Gen Z faces a condition referred to as “money dysmorphia,” which is characterized by an unrealistic perception of their financial situation. This anxiety leads to constant worry and increased vigilance about their finances, even when there are no real financial problems.

Psychological Impact on Gen Z

Financial therapist Amanda Clayman believes that this phenomenon is linked to the intense mental pressure that Gen Z experiences, especially during critical life transitions such as getting married, buying a home, and changing careers.

Financial Dependence on Parents

A significant 50% of Gen Z relies on parental support to navigate these financial milestones, highlighting a shift in the approach to traditional economic progress compared to previous generations.

Challenges Faced by Gen Z

Previous generations made similar life choices under different circumstances, with less influence from social media pressures and more financial knowledge. This historical context suggests that older generations may have developed healthier attitudes toward money management.

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What is the Oropouche Virus?

Latest News: 28th July 2024, UPSC Preparation

The Oropouche virus, which is mostly spread by midges and mosquitoes, has killed its first people in Brazil. The health ministry of Brazil stated that two women younger than 30 years old died in Bahia. People are now more aware of the virus, which has signs similar to dengue fever. The Oropouche virus was first found in Trinidad and Tobago in 1955. Midges and maybe mosquitoes are the ones that spread it. At this point, we know that the virus does not directly spread from person to person. It is being looked into, though, whether it could be passed from pregnant women to their future children.

Geographic Spread

Most of the cases of the Oropouche virus have been found in South America, Central America, and the Caribbean. Over 7,236 cases have been reported in Brazil as of 2024, adding to the over 7,700 cases found in Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Cuba, and Colombia as a whole.

Symptoms & Prevention

The Oropouche virus causes fever, muscle pain, and headaches, which are all symptoms of the dengue virus. In severe cases, consequences like meningitis can be so bad that they can kill the person. At this time, there are no special medicines or vaccines that can protect against the virus. Taking preventative steps focuses on staying away from bug bites. Some suggestions are to wear protective clothes, use insect repellent, and use fine-mesh mosquito nets instead of regular nets because midges can get through them.

Need for Research and Preparedness

Researchers say that more work needs to be done to fully understand how the virus affects people and make quick diagnosis tests. To lower the risk of outbreaks, better communication and planning are needed at all levels of health authority. This is similar to what expert Concetta Castilletti said about what we learned from the COVID-19 pandemic.

About Oropouche virus

• Discovery and Transmission: The Oropouche virus, discovered in 1955 in Trinidad, is an arbovirus primarily transmitted by mosquitoes, particularly Culex species. It can also be spread through contact with infected bodily fluids.

• Endemic Regions and Symptoms: Endemic in tropical regions of South America, the Oropouche virus is linked to Oropouche Fever, which causes symptoms similar to dengue.

• Animal Hosts and Treatment: The virus has been isolated from monkeys and sloths. Named after a local Native American term, no specific antiviral treatments exist for the Oropouche virus, but vaccination efforts are ongoing.

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Exercise KHAAN QUEST 2024

Latest News: 27th July 2024, UPSC Preparation

The Indian Army has sent a group to Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, to take part in the multinational military drill KHAAN QUEST 2024, which will run from July 27th to August 9th, 2024. The main goal of this practice is to improve the world’s ability to keep the peace.

Historical Background

The first KHAAN QUEST took place in 2003 as a partnership between the US and Mongolia. Since then, it has grown into a major Multinational Peacekeeping Exercise. The 21st version will be held in 2024. In July 2023, the last drill took place. The U.S. Indo-Pacific Command is one of the sponsors of the drill, which is being held by the Mongolian Armed Forces. This shows that it involves forces from many countries.

Indian Army Contingent Composition

The Indian contingent comprises 40 personnel, including:

• Troops from a Battalion of the Madras Regiment

• Additional personnel from various Arms and Services

• One Woman Officer and two Women Soldiers, promoting gender inclusivity

Main Objectives of Participation

The Indian Army aims to:

• Prepare for peacekeeping missions in multinational settings

• Enhance interoperability and military readiness in peace support operations

• Emphasise a high level of physical fitness, joint planning, and tactical drills

Tactical Drills and Operations

Participants will engage in a variety of exercises, including:

• Establishing Static and Mobile Check Points

• Conducting Cordon and Search Operations

• Performing Patrolling and Evacuation of Civilians from Hostile Areas

• Executing Counter Improvised Explosive Device drills

• Practising Combat First Aid and Casualty Evacuation

Benefits of Participation

Engagement in KHAAN QUEST provides the Indian Army with several advantages:

• Enhanced peacekeeping skills for UN missions

• Valuable international exposure collaborating with diverse military forces

• Improved tactical proficiency through rigorous training exercises

In addition to KHAAN QUEST, India and Mongolia conduct a bilateral military exercise named “Nomadic Elephant,” with the most recent edition held in July 2024 in Meghalaya.

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World Leaders Summit 2024

Latest News: 26th July 2024, UPSC Preparation

The World Leaders Summit 2024 is a pivotal event bringing together influential figures at the historic House of Lords in the UK Parliament. This summit represents a significant opportunity for global dialogue and collaboration in addressing urgent international issues such as climate change, economic disparity, and technological advancements.

Importance of the 2024 Summit at the House of Lords

The House of Lords, a symbol of stability and leadership on a worldwide scale, is an apt venue for the summit. The world’s top officials may work together in this setting, which is crucial for solving complex problems. The varied backgrounds of the leaders in attendance boost creative problem-solving and increase the likelihood of genuine, cross-border relationships.

Key Topics Discussed at the Summit

The summit focused on critical global issues:

• Economic Growth: Discussions centered on promoting sustainable, inclusive economic development.

• Sustainable Development: Emphasised the need for actionable plans to balance economic growth and environmental preservation.

• Artificial Intelligence (AI): Explored harnessing AI’s potential while addressing its risks.

• Healthcare Access: Addressed the equitable distribution of resources post-pandemic.

• Technology’s Role: Examined digital transformation’s impact on governance and public engagement.

Notable Attendees and Their Contributions

The summit attracted diverse leaders, including:

• Dr Vivek Lall: Discussed technology’s role in policy shaping and responsible innovation in AI.

• Osama Ben Saleh Bukhari: Emphasised sustainable development and corporate social responsibility.

• Baroness Sandy Verma: Reinforced the UK’s commitment to global diplomacy.

• Vikash Sorout: Organised the event, highlighting collaboration amongst leaders.

Each attendee brought unique insights, enriching the dialogue that could lead to actionable change.

Future Plans for the World Leaders Summit

Upcoming summits promise continued evolution with a focus on:

• Collaboration: Strengthened alliances to address urgent global issues.

• Diverse Participation: Inclusion of various sectors, like young leaders and activists, to bring fresh perspectives.

• Regional Forums: Discussions leading up to major events to localize dialogue and enrich broader conversations

With ongoing support from VS International Limited, the summits aim to cultivate critical discussions that drive global change.

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At what age do Olympic athletes peak? Science has an answer

Latest News: 25th July 2024

Researchers analysed career performance data from every track and field athlete who competed in individual events at the Olympics since 1996.

In Short

• Their findings reveal the average age of Olympic track and field athletes

• The study also found that the median peak age for these athletes

• They hope their findings can benefit both athletes and fans

As Olympians from across the world gather in Paris for ultimate sporting event, a new study by University of Waterloo researchers has shed light on the optimal age for peak performance among Olympic track and field athletes.

The research, published in the Royal Statistical Society's Significance Journal, offers valuable insights into the complex interplay of age, training, and performance in elite athletics.

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ESA Prepares RAMSES Mission to Study Asteroid Apophis

Latest News: 24th July 2024, UPSC Preparation

The Shoemaker-Levy 9 comet broke up and hit Jupiter in 1994, which sparked a lot of interest in protecting planets. People talked about how to stop similar events from happening on Earth after this one. Planetary defense systems are getting a lot of attention around the world because asteroids could hit Earth. Space Safety is an ESA program that works to lower these risks through its future flights.

Introduction of Ramses

ESA has started getting ready for Ramses, the Rapid Apophis Mission for Space Safety. The goal of Ramses is to study asteroid 99942 Apophis when it comes close to Earth in 2029. Apophis, which is about 375 meters across, will pass within 32,000 km of Earth on April 13, 2029, and billions of people will be able to see it. This event is very rare; it only happens about once every 5,000 to 10,000 years. It won’t be a crash threat for at least 100 years.

Scientific Goals of the Ramses Mission

During its flyby, the Ramses spaceship will see how Earth’s gravity affects Apophis. This includes looking at how the asteroid’s shape, rotation, and surface features change over time. This will help us learn more about these qualities, which will be important for future defense plans. NASA’s OSIRIS-REx spacecraft will also go after Apophis, which will help experts figure out what changes happened after the flyby. This two-pronged method lets us fully compare the asteroid’s state before and after. Ramses is a good example of how to quickly send out reconnaissance missions to keep an eye on possibly dangerous asteroids. Accurate data will help with tactics for deflecting asteroids and avoiding impacts.

About ESA

• Foundation and Member States: The European Space Agency (ESA) was founded in 1975 and currently comprises 22 member states. It is a major intergovernmental organization dedicated to the exploration of space, coordinating and promoting European space activities and research.

• Mission Scope and Collaborations: ESA operates a variety of missions, including Earth observation, planetary science, and human spaceflight. Notably, its Earth Observation program includes the Copernicus initiative, which provides vital data for environmental monitoring and climate change. ESA also collaborates with NASA on significant missions such as the Mars Sample Return mission, showcasing its role in international space exploration efforts.

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New Plant Species Discovered in Arunachal Pradesh Sanctuary

Latest News: 22nd July 2024, UPSC Preparation

Researchers from the Botanical Survey of India (BSI) have identified a new plant species, Phlogacanthus sudhansusekharii, in the Itanagar Wildlife Sanctuary, Arunachal Pradesh. This find brings attention to the area’s wide range of plants and animals.

Species Overview

The newly discovered species belongs to the family Acanthaceae and the genus Phlogacanthus, which includes 13 known species primarily found in northeastern and eastern Himalayan states. Named in recognition of Dr Sudhansu Sekhar Dash, a BSI scientist, the species acknowledges his significant contributions to plant and ecological research in the Indian Himalayan region.

Research Findings

The research paper detailing this discovery was authored by Samrat Goswami and Rohan Maity and published in the Indian Journal of Forestry. The new species is closely related to Phlogacanthus guttatus, differing in distinct morphological features.

Significance of Discovery

Chief Minister Pema Khandu was happy about the discovery and stressed how important it is to protect Arunachal Pradesh’s natural wealth for future generations. This discovery not only shows off the biodiversity of the area, but also brings more attention to attempts to protect it.

About Phlogacanthus sudhansusekharii

The Phlogacanthus sudhansusekharii plant species is only found in India, in the Northeast area. It was found in 2015 and is in the family Acanthaceae. This plant has bright purple flowers and unique leaves. It was named after Sudhansu Sekhar Das. It usually grows in damp, shady woods and is an important part of the ecosystems in those places. Loss of habitat makes conservation activities very important. Its health benefits haven’t been fully studied yet, which shows that it might have important uses in traditional medicine.and unsustainable exploitation of forest resources has led to significant forest degradation.

• Since the start of the 20th century, the world has lost about 10 million square kilometers of forests.

• The UN declared 2021-2030 as the Decade of Ecosystem Restoration, aiming to restore 350 million hectares of degraded land, generating $9 trillion in ecosystem services and sequestering 13-26 gigatons of greenhouse gases.

Tree Planting: Benefits and Initiatives

• Tree planting is a popular and effective method to support biodiversity and address climate crises through carbon sequestration.

• Governmental and non-governmental organizations, including individuals, support mass tree-planting drives.

• India celebrates the Van Mahotsava (‘festival of trees’) annually in the first week of July since 1950, launched by Agriculture Minister K.M. Munshi.

Issues with Tree Planting Drives:

• Recent tree planting drives, despite their popularity, face criticism for limited community participation, lack of post-planting care, and promotion of monocultures.

• Monocultures are less effective for carbon sequestration and biodiversity development.

• Inappropriate tree planting in grasslands and animal habitats can destroy ecosystems, increase wildfire intensity, and exacerbate global warming.

India’s Challenges and Policy Recommendations:

• India has committed to restoring 26 million hectares of degraded forests by 2030.

• Challenges include 10 million hectares of forests under encroachment, the dependence of 27.5 crore people on forests, and the loss of 5.7 million hectares of forest land for non-forestry purposes.

• Effective strategies should include adequate financing, active community participation, technical considerations, and public awareness campaigns to create resilient and diverse forests.

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The issue with tree planting schemes

Latest News: 20th July 2024, UPSC Preparation / UPSC strategy

Tree planting schemes, though popular for biodiversity and climate crisis solutions, face criticism for inadequate community involvement and poor post-planting care. Effective restoration requires comprehensive strategies, including community participation, technical considerations, and sufficient funding to achieve resilient, diverse forests.

Introduction: Forest Degradation and Restoration Efforts

• Uncontrolled and unsustainable exploitation of forest resources has led to significant forest degradation.

• Since the start of the 20th century, the world has lost about 10 million square kilometers of forests.

• The UN declared 2021-2030 as the Decade of Ecosystem Restoration, aiming to restore 350 million hectares of degraded land, generating $9 trillion in ecosystem services and sequestering 13-26 gigatons of greenhouse gases.

Tree Planting: Benefits and Initiatives

• Tree planting is a popular and effective method to support biodiversity and address climate crises through carbon sequestration.

• Governmental and non-governmental organizations, including individuals, support mass tree-planting drives.

• India celebrates the Van Mahotsava (‘festival of trees’) annually in the first week of July since 1950, launched by Agriculture Minister K.M. Munshi.

Issues with Tree Planting Drives:

• Recent tree planting drives, despite their popularity, face criticism for limited community participation, lack of post-planting care, and promotion of monocultures.

• Monocultures are less effective for carbon sequestration and biodiversity development.

• Inappropriate tree planting in grasslands and animal habitats can destroy ecosystems, increase wildfire intensity, and exacerbate global warming.

India’s Challenges and Policy Recommendations:

• India has committed to restoring 26 million hectares of degraded forests by 2030.

• Challenges include 10 million hectares of forests under encroachment, the dependence of 27.5 crore people on forests, and the loss of 5.7 million hectares of forest land for non-forestry purposes.

• Effective strategies should include adequate financing, active community participation, technical considerations, and public awareness campaigns to create resilient and diverse forests.

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Cave on the Moon: New Discovery for Space Exploration

Latest News: 20th July 2024, UPSC Preparation

Scientists have recently proven a cave on the Moon near the Sea of Tranquility, not far from where the famous landing in 1969 took place. The cave is an important find in lunar exploration because it could be used as a home for astronauts.

Study Findings

The study named “Radar evidence of an accessible cave conduit on the Moon below the Mare Tranquillitatis pit” was published in Nature Astronomy and gives more information about the find. Researchers looked at pictures taken by NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter in 2010 and found a pit that they think is an entrance to the cave. The pit was made when a lava tube collapsed. That tube is a tunnel that was made when molten lava flowed under a solid surface. The width of the cave is about 45 meters, and its length can reach 80 meters.

Lunar Pits and Caves

Unlike lunar craters, which were made when asteroids hit the moon, lunar pits are big depressions with steep walls that were usually made by volcanoes more than a billion years ago. Over 200 of these pits have been found so far, and 16 of them have been proven to be caused by lava tubes that have fallen. People have thought about these buildings for more than 50 years, but it’s only now that an accessible door has been proven.

Advantages of Human Shelter

Due to its lack of oxygen, the moon’s surface is hostile and very hot. At the height of the moon day, temperatures can reach 127 degrees Celsius. At night, they drop to about -173 degrees Celsius. The temperature in the cave that was found stays stable at about 17 degrees Celsius, which is much better for human life. The cave might also protect against solar radiation and micrometeorites, which makes it a great choice for a future moon base or emergency shelter.

Challenges and Future Research

Even though moon caves are safe, they are hard to get to and keep stable. Things like possible avalanches or cave-ins need to be thought through carefully. Researchers say that more research is needed to fully understand how these caves are built. This could be done with ground-penetrating radar, robots, or special cameras. For these caves to be good places to live for a long time, they would also need systems to keep an eye on seismic activity and safety zones to keep passengers safe from any geological dangers. In the end, finding the lunar cave opens up exciting possibilities for living on the moon in the future, but a lot of study and technological progress are needed to fully realize these possibilities.

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Why is Jupiter’s Great Red Spot Shrinking?

Latest News: 20th July 2024, UPSC Preparation

The biggest storm in our solar system, the Great Red Spot (GRS) on Jupiter, is getting smaller right now. Some scientists think that this change might be linked to fewer small storms that normally help keep the GRS running. The GRS is a huge high-pressure storm in Jupiter’s southern hemisphere that was first seen in the middle 1600s. In the late 1800s, systematic studies began to show how it was changing all the time, which led to new ideas about its structure and dynamics.

Structure and Dynamics of the GRS

The GRS covers about 16,000 km and has winds that are faster than 321 km/h. It goes down almost 250 km through Jupiter’s atmosphere, through layers of clouds that are full of ammonia. Scientists have been trying to figure out why there has been a noticeable shrinkage over the last 100 years.

Research and Hypothesis

Caleb Keaveney, a graduate student at Yale, suggested that the GRS might be being affected by the decrease in smaller storms. His group used the Explicit Planetary Isentropic-Coordinate (EPIC) model to simulate how the GRS and different smaller storms would interact with each other. They then compared the results of these simulations to those that did not include these smaller storms. The studies showed that smaller storms are very important for keeping the GRS going and making it bigger. These smaller systems seem to keep the storm’s size the same, but if they’re not there, the storm may get smaller over 2.6 Earth years.

Comparison with Earth’s Weather Systems

Similar long-lasting high-pressure systems can be found on Earth. They are called “heat domes,” and they often change the way violent weather happens. The study suggests that interactions with weather events in the area help both Earth’s heat domes and Jupiter’s GRS last longer. The GRS’s size has changed, and its color has also changed, mostly from reddish-orange to pinkish-orange. This shows that sun radiation has caused complex chemical reactions. These color changes are caused by changes in chemicals in the storm.

About Great Red Spot

• Massive, Long-Lasting Storm: The Great Red Spot on Jupiter is a colossal storm, twice the size of Earth, that has persisted for over 350 years. This high-pressure system produces counterclockwise winds reaching speeds of up to 432 km/h (268 mph).

• Reddish Hue and Chemical Reactions: The unique red color of the storm is probably caused by complicated chemical processes in Jupiter’s atmosphere involving ammonia and other compounds. It is these responses that give the Great Red Spot its unique color, which is being studied right now.

• Observation and Changes: Since the late 19th century, the Great Red Spot has been shrinking, but the reasons for this are still unclear. The Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft gave the first close-up images in 1979, giving detailed insights into its unique dynamics and structure.

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Gaia spacecraft, mapping a billion stars in space, hit by micrometeoroid

Latest News: 19th July 2024

Despite being located 1.5 million kilometers from Earth at the second Sun-Earth Lagrange point (L2), Gaia has demonstrated remarkable resilience in the face of space hazards.

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Choosing the right track to cut post-harvest losses

Latest News: 18th July 2024, UPSC Preparation

Syllabus: GS-3, Agriculture

Mains: Solutions for post-harvest losses in India

Context:​ India, a major global agricultural producer, ranks eighth in agricultural exports, primarily due to inefficiencies in its supply chain. Significant post-harvest losses, amounting to ₹1,52,790 crore annually, hinder India’s agricultural potential. Addressing these losses is crucial to meet the growing food demand and enhance the agricultural sector’s efficiency and profitability.

Current Scenario of Post-Harvest Losses:

• Magnitude: Post-harvest losses in India are substantial, especially in perishable commodities like eggs, fish, meat (22%), fruits (19%), and vegetables (18%).

• Supply Chain Issues: Inefficiencies in storage, transportation, and marketing contribute to these losses, exacerbating the challenges faced by small and marginal farmers (86% of farmers).

Role of Indian Railways:

• Freight Transport: Railways play a crucial role in transporting agricultural produce, but currently, only a small percentage of perishable goods are transported by rail.

Initiatives:

• Truck-on-Train: Carries loaded trucks on railway wagons.

• Parcel Special Trains: Introduced during the COVID-19 pandemic for perishables and seeds.

• Kisan Rail: Connects production surplus regions with consumption regions, reducing post-harvest losses and increasing farmer profits.

Issues

• Supply Chain Inefficiencies: Inadequate transportation and storage infrastructure lead to significant post-harvest losses.

• Market Connectivity: Small and marginal farmers struggle with market access, affecting their ability to scale production and reduce losses.

• Food Price Volatility: Supply constraints, particularly for perishable produce, contribute to price volatility.

Significance

• Economic Impact: Reducing post-harvest losses can significantly enhance farmer incomes and India’s agricultural export potential.

• Food Security: Addressing these losses is crucial for meeting the growing food and nutrition demand of India’s population.

• Environmental Benefits: Efficient rail transportation generates up to 80% less carbon dioxide compared to road transport, contributing to environmental sustainability.

Solutions

Enhance Rail Infrastructure:

• Specialised Wagons: Invest in temperature-controlled wagons for perishables.

• Rail-Side Facilities: Establish facilities for safe cargo handling to minimize spoilage and contamination.

Streamline Operations:

• Loading and Unloading: Improve processes to minimize transit times.

• Recruitment and Training: Address staffing shortages through focused initiatives.

• Public-Private Partnerships: Encourage private sector participation to enhance operational efficiency and strengthen rail infrastructure.

• Awareness and Accessibility: Increase farmer awareness and access to railway schemes like Kisan Rail.

• Systems-Based Approach: Integrate multiple modes of transport and geographies to optimize the supply chain.

Nut Graf: Reducing post-harvest losses through improved rail transportation and infrastructure is essential for enhancing India’s agricultural productivity and export potential. Prioritizing the Railways, supported by public-private partnerships and streamlined operations, can significantly mitigate losses, support farmer incomes, and contribute to environmental sustainability. Addressing these issues holistically will ensure a robust and efficient agricultural supply chain, benefiting both the domestic and global markets.

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What is the Yuan Challenge?

Latest News: 17th July 2024, UPSC Preparation

India has been trying to become less dependent on the US dollar and lower its oil import costs by trading more with Russia in recent years. Trade between the two countries is supposed to reach $100 billion by 2030. However, after the war in Ukraine in 2022, the relationship changed, with India buying a lot more oil from Russia. Russia is benefiting from India’s trade imbalance because it saves money by buying cheaper oil from Russia but not exporting enough to balance the trade, which is currently at a deficit of $57 billion out of $66 billion in FY24.

The Challenge of Unbalanced Trade

Due to India’s huge trade gap with Russia, Russian oil exporters want to be paid in Chinese yuan instead of US dollars or Indian rupees. With more equal trade between China and Russia, where the yuan is widely used, this change has happened. Chinese currency (yuan) has become more common in the Russian market, which makes it harder for the rupee to become used around the world.

Efforts to Internationalize the Rupee

India’s plan to make the rupee more widely used around the world has been slowed down by its trade partners’ reluctance and the rupee’s limited use in offshore foreign exchange markets. The Reserve Bank of India intended to increase the role of the rupee by introducing a plan in July 2022 that let rupees be used as payment in foreign trade. However, the rupee’s instability and limited use in trade deals, compared to the strong US dollar and the rising yuan, continue to be problems.

Export Challenges to Russia

India’s exports to Russia are affected by worries about possible Western penalties among private banks, which are necessary for international trade financing. Concerned about how working with Russia might affect their operations in the West, most private banks are cautious when doing business with Russia. Swapping rupees for rubles is a complicated issue that makes using local currencies for trade payments even more difficult.

Future Trade Prospects and Strategic Plans

Overcoming the trade deficit and promoting economic unity is something that India and Russia are working on in many areas. Focusing on lowering trade barriers, talking about a possible trade deal with the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), and improving cooperation in important areas like chemicals, metals, and transportation planning. This is meant to make trade between the two countries easier and more widespread, possibly getting around current problems and helping both countries’ economies grow.

About India-Russia trade dynamics

• Trade Growth and Diversification: India and Russia’s trade hit $11.5 billion in FY22, even though there were changes in world politics. The trade partnership used to be mostly about defense, but now it includes areas like pharmaceuticals, energy, and IT.

• Energy and Defense Cooperation: Russia is very important to India’s energy security because it sends a lot of oil and military equipment to the country. India bought a lot more from Russia in 2022, especially oil at lower prices after the war in Ukraine.

• Future Goals and Financial Strategies: India sends goods to Russia like tools, medicines, and tea. The two countries want to trade $30 billion worth of goods by 2025. They are also thinking about accepting payments in their currencies because of the effects of Western sanctions on Russia.

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What is an Extreme Solar Particle Event?

Latest News: 16th July 2024

Recent studies have shown that “extreme solar particle events,” which are very rare but can have big effects on Earth, could be dangerous. Protons are thrown out into space by the sun in these events, which happen about once every thousand years. The most recent one was recorded in 993 AD. When they reach Earth, they pose a major threat.

Understanding Extreme Solar Particle Events

When the sun sends many protons into space, this is called an extreme solar particle event or a solar storm. These solar events are stronger and could damage Earth more than regular solar flares.

Impact on the Ozone Layer

One of the biggest risks is the damage that solar particle events could do to Earth’s ozone layer. This layer works as a shield to protect you by blocking and absorbing most of the sun’s harmful ultraviolet radiation. More UV light would hit the Earth’s surface if the ozone layer got damaged.

Potential Human Health Risks

Getting more UV rays can be very bad for your health. Due to a hole in the ozone layer, experts Alan Cooper and Pavle Arsenovic say that higher UV levels make skin cancer and other DNA damage more likely. Depending on how bad the solar event was and the state of Earth’s magnetic field, these conditions may last for a long time, which could make the effects worse.

Long-Term Effects and Global Impact

The research shows that if a very strong solar particle event happens when Earth’s magnetic field is weak, the effects could be very bad and last a long time. UV exposure could increase by up to 25%, and DNA damage caused by the sun could increase by 50%. These effects could last for up to six years.

Who conducted the study on the impact of these events?

Alan Cooper from Charles Sturt University and Pavle Arsenovic from the University of Natural Resources and Life Science (BOKU) did the new study. By studying these solar events and their effects, scientists keep stressing how important it is to keep an eye on solar activity to effectively protect the world from possible dangers.

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The PDS impact on household expenditure

Latest news 14th July 2024

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The Public Distribution System (PDS) plays a vital role in enhancing food security and improving household expenditure patterns in India. By providing subsidised food grains, PDS not only alleviates immediate food insecurity but also enables households to diversify their diet and improve their overall nutritional intake. The imputation of free item values in the HCES 2022-23 highlights the significant impact of in-kind social transfers on the consumption patterns of poorer households.

The Public Distribution System (PDS) is a crucial social security initiative in India aimed at ensuring food security by providing subsidised food grains to eligible households. This program is especially vital under the National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013, which covers up to 75% of the rural population and 50% of the urban population.

Overview of PDS

• Objective: To ensure food security by distributing subsidised food grains.

• Coverage: NFSA covers a significant portion of the rural and urban population, providing them access to essential food items at reduced prices.

• Impact on Household Expenditure: By reducing the cost of staple food grains, PDS enables households to allocate more resources to other essential and nutrient-rich food items such as vegetables, milk, pulses, eggs, fish, and meat.

Findings from the Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES): 2022-23

• Survey Data: The HCES 2022-23 collected information on both food and non-food items received by households free of cost through various social welfare programs.

• Imputation of Values: For the first time, the NSSO has imputed values for selected free items, allowing the calculation of two key metrics: Monthly Per Capita Consumption Expenditure (MPCE) and MPCE with imputation.

Issues

• Inclusion and Exclusion Errors: There are concerns about inclusion errors (ineligible households consuming from PDS) and exclusion errors (eligible households not consuming from PDS).

• Coverage Estimates: Survey estimates of program coverage are often lower than administrative data, complicating the analysis of PDS impact.

Significance

• Enhanced Nutritional Intake: By freeing up household resources, PDS allows for a more diversified and nutritious diet, particularly for poorer households.

• Poverty Alleviation: The imputed value of free food items significantly enhances the consumption value of households, indicating an uplift in their standard of living.

Solutions

• Improving Survey Accuracy: Ensuring more accurate and comprehensive data collection to better understand PDS impact and address inclusion/exclusion errors.

• Policy Adjustments: Regularly updating policies to reflect ground realities and enhance the efficiency of PDS distribution.

• Enhanced Communication: Providing clear guidance to households regarding their entitlements and the process for accessing PDS benefits.

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Zika virus: the need to improve surveillance and vector control

Recent Cases and Responses:

• At least 15 cases of Zika, including eight pregnant women, were detected in Pune, Maharashtra.

• Karnataka reports the death of a 74-year-old Zika patient, attributed to other factors.

• Both states have intensified surveillance and public awareness campaigns.

• The Union Health Ministry advises states to screen pregnant women and enhance vector-control measures.

Transmission and Symptoms:

• Zika virus is transmitted primarily through Aedes mosquitoes but can also spread through sexual contact, blood transfusions, and from mother to fetus.

• Symptoms, if they appear, include rash, fever, conjunctivitis, muscle and joint pain, and headache, typically mild and lasting 2-7 days.

Diagnosis and Challenges:

• Diagnosis relies on laboratory tests, yet India lacks an approved diagnostic test, causing delays.

• The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) urges increased testing, including for dengue and chikungunya-like symptoms.

Risks and Prevention:

• Zika can cause severe birth defects, such as microcephaly, and is linked to neurological disorders like Guillain-Barré syndrome.

• No vaccine is currently available, though research and development efforts are ongoing in India.