"Will the US Presidential Race Be Defined by Gender?"

Latest News International: 04th November 2024

As the 2024 US Presidential Election approaches, analysts are increasingly framing the contest as a potential "battle of the sexes." With both major parties fielding candidates that have sparked diverse reactions from different demographics, gender dynamics are set to play a pivotal role in shaping voter behavior and electoral outcomes.

The Democratic Party has nominated a female candidate who advocates for women's rights, healthcare access, and gender equality, while the Republican candidate, also a man, emphasizes traditional values and economic stability. This juxtaposition has led to an intensified focus on how gender perceptions influence voter preferences, with polls suggesting a clear divide among male and female voters regarding their support for the respective candidates.

Research indicates that women voters are likely to prioritize issues such as reproductive rights, workplace equality, and social justice, while many men may gravitate towards economic concerns and national security. This divergence could significantly impact campaign strategies, as both parties aim to mobilize their bases while appealing to swing voters.

Moreover, the election has reignited discussions about the role of gender in politics, particularly in terms of representation and leadership styles. Observers note that the candidates’ approaches to addressing gender-related issues will likely resonate with voters, highlighting the importance of inclusive dialogue in the electoral process.

As the campaigns unfold, the question remains: will the 2024 election be defined by gender dynamics, or will broader issues take precedence? The outcome may hinge on how effectively each candidate addresses the concerns and aspirations of both male and female voters.

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"‘Harassment and Intimidation’: India Responds to Surveillance of Officials in Canada"

Latest News International: 04th November 2024

India has expressed strong concerns regarding reports of harassment and intimidation of its officials in Canada, particularly in the context of ongoing surveillance by certain groups. The Indian government has labeled these actions as unacceptable, emphasizing that such behavior undermines diplomatic norms and poses a threat to the safety of its representatives abroad.

In a recent statement, the Ministry of External Affairs condemned the actions of individuals and organizations involved in surveilling Indian diplomats and officials. Officials highlighted that such tactics not only violate international protocols but also contribute to an environment of fear and intimidation. India has called on the Canadian government to ensure the protection and security of its diplomatic personnel.

The issue has arisen amid heightened tensions between India and Canada, with both nations navigating complex political and social landscapes. India has urged the Canadian authorities to take appropriate measures to address these security concerns, advocating for a peaceful and respectful diplomatic relationship.

The Indian government has reiterated its commitment to protecting its diplomats while fostering constructive dialogue with Canada. As the situation unfolds, officials are hopeful that the Canadian government will act swiftly to mitigate the risks faced by Indian personnel.

As the two countries work through these challenges, the importance of mutual respect and cooperation in diplomatic relations remains paramount.

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UN Recognizes Antimicrobial Resistance as Global Health Threat

Latest News International: 27th October 2024, UPSC Preparation

The UN General Assembly addressed the urgent issue of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). They labeled it an important global health threat. The assembly called for immediate action, emphasizing the One Health approach. This approach considers the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health.

About Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)

Antimicrobial resistance refers to the ability of microbes to resist the effects of medications. This includes antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, and antiparasitics. These drugs are used in humans, animals, and agriculture. Misuse and overuse of these drugs have been common since the 1950s. They are often used not just for treating infections but also as growth promoters in livestock.

Historical Background

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommended phasing out antibiotic growth promoters in agriculture back in 2000. Despite this recommendation, the practice continues in many regions. This misuse contributes to the rise of resistant strains of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.

Impact on Health

AMR threatens the progress made in treating infectious diseases. It complicates efforts to eliminate diseases like tuberculosis (TB) and malaria. The emergence of drug-resistant strains makes surgeries and cancer treatments riskier. This situation leads to increased healthcare costs and complications in medical procedures.

Socioeconomic Consequences

AMR disproportionately affects low- and middle-income countries. These nations often lack the resources to combat rising resistance. The World Bank predicts that AMR could lead to an additional healthcare cost of up to $1 trillion by 2050. Furthermore, economic losses could range from $1 to $3.4 trillion annually by 2030. This financial burden could rival the costs seen during the 2008 global financial crisis.

The One Health Approach

The One Health approach integrates human, animal, and environmental health. It recognizes that diseases can spread across these domains. Effective solutions to AMR require collaboration across sectors. This includes healthcare, agriculture, and environmental management.

Global Response and Initiatives

The UN’s recognition of AMR has spurred global discussions. Countries are encouraged to adopt strategies that reduce antibiotic misuse. Initiatives focus on improving surveillance, promoting responsible use of antimicrobials, and enhancing infection prevention measures.

The Role of Education and Awareness

Raising awareness about AMR is crucial. Public education can lead to better practices in medication use. Healthcare professionals must advocate for responsible prescribing. Farmers should be educated on the risks of using antimicrobials for growth promotion.

Addressing AMR requires a multi-faceted approach. Governments must enforce regulations on antibiotic use. Investments in research for new antimicrobials and alternatives are essential. Global partnerships can strengthen efforts to combat this pressing health threat.

The fight against AMR is urgent and requires immediate action. By understanding its implications, we can work towards effective solutions that protect health and promote sustainable development.

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India Ranks 176th in the Global Nature Conservation Index (NCI) 2024

Latest News International: 27th October 2024, UPSC Preparation

India ranks 176th in the Global Nature Conservation Index (NCI) 2024, with a score of 45.5 out of 100. This places India among the five worst performers globally, alongside Kiribati, Turkey, Iraq, and Micronesia. The NCI was released on October 24, 2024, and assesses conservation efforts across 180 countries.

About the Nature Conservation Index

The NCI is a new tool that evaluates conservation efforts using four key markers:

1. Land Management

2. Threats to Biodiversity

3. Capacity and Governance

4. Future Trends

Developed by the Goldman Sonnenfeldt School of Sustainability and Climate Change at Ben-Gurion University and BioDB.com, the index aims to provide a clear analysis of each country’s conservation strategies. It helps governments and organizations identify issues and improve their conservation policies.

India’s Conservation Challenges

India’s low ranking is primarily due to poor land management and increasing threats to biodiversity. The country has converted 53% of its land for urban, industrial, and agricultural use. The NCI marks several problems:

• High Pesticide Use: This contributes to soil pollution.

• Sustainable Nitrogen Index: Currently at 0.77, indicating a need for improvement in soil health.

Marine Conservation Deficiencies

Marine conservation is another critical area of concern. Only 0.2% of India’s national waterways are protected. There are no protected areas within its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), despite 7.5% of terrestrial land being safeguarded.

Threats to Biodiversity

India faces threats to its biodiversity:

• Habitat Loss and Fragmentation: Caused by agriculture, urbanization, and infrastructure development.

• Climate Change: This adds pressure on sensitive ecosystems, like alpine regions and coral reefs.

From 2001 to 2019 lost 23,300 sq. km of tree cover due to deforestation. Although 40% of marine species and 65% of terrestrial species are in Protected Areas, many continue to decline. The index reports that 67.5% of marine species and 46.9% of terrestrial species are experiencing population decreases.

Global Sustainable Development Goals

India’s NCI findings align with issues raised in the latest global progress report on Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). The country struggles with SDG 14 (Life below water) and SDG 15 (Life on land).

Future Trends and Opportunities

The index notes both challenges and opportunities for India’s biodiversity. With one of the highest population densities globally and a population that has doubled since the late 1970s, ecological wealth is under threat. India is also the fourth-largest illegal wildlife trader, with annual sales of around £15 billion. The index calls for stronger enforcement and international cooperation to combat this issue.

Strong political will is crucial for effective conservation. This includes passing laws that promote sustainable development and securing funding for environmental initiatives. With commitment and action can address its conservation challenges and work towards a sustainable future.

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Luong Cuong, New President of Vietnam

Latest News International: 24th October 2024

Vietnam elected Luong Cuong as its new president. This marks the fourth president in 18 months. Cuong, a 67-year-old military general, replaces To Lam, who was appointed as the general secretary of the Communist Party in August. The general secretary is the most powerful position in Vietnam, while the presidency is largely ceremonial.

Luong Cuong’s Background

Luong Cuong has a long military career, serving in the Vietnamese army for over 40 years. He became a member of the Politburo in 2021. His experience in the military may influence his approach to governance and foreign policy.

Cuong’s appointment comes after a tumultuous political period in Vietnam. The death of former party general secretary Nguyen Phu Trong created a power vacuum. Trong was known for his strict anti-corruption campaign, which he called the “blazing furnace.” This campaign targeted both political and business elites, leading to political shake-ups.

Anti-Corruption Campaign

The anti-corruption campaign launched by Trong was aimed at maintaining the Communist Party’s legitimacy. It resulted in the downfall of several high-profile officials, including former presidents and the head of parliament. The campaign was popular among citizens but created unease among investors, slowing down decision-making in the government.

To Lam’s Transition

To Lam, who was previously the top security official, led the anti-corruption efforts until May. After becoming general secretary, he promised to continue the fight against corruption. His decision to step down from the presidency is seen as a commitment to collective leadership, allowing for a more stable political environment.

Analysts view Cuong’s appointment as a move to stabilise Vietnam’s political system after recent upheavals. Nguyen Khac Giang from the ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute suggests that this change aims to restore balance between military and security factions ahead of the 2026 Party Congress.

Concerns Over Repression

Critics express concerns that Cuong’s presidency may lead to increased repression in Vietnam. Ben Swanton from the 88 Project argues that Cuong will act as a “reliable deputy” to Lam. This could signal a continuation of the government’s tight control over dissent and freedom of expression.

Vietnam’s leaders are preparing for the upcoming Communist Party Congress in early 2026. This congress will be crucial for shaping the country’s future policies and leadership dynamics. Cuong’s presidency could influence the direction of Vietnam’s governance and its approach to both domestic and international issues.

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COP16 Aims for Global Deal on Genetic Information Use

Latest News International: 24th October 2024

At the U.N. COP16 nature summit in October 2024, countries are set to negotiate a deal on the use and compensation for genetic information from nature. This data, known as “digital sequence information” (DSI), is crucial for research and commercial applications. The summit aims to establish a multilateral system that benefits countries rich in biodiversity, ensuring they receive fair compensation.

What is Digital Sequence Information (DSI)?

DSI refers to the genetic codes of living organisms. Advances in technology allow scientists to sequence genomes quickly. These sequences are digitized and stored in public databases, accessible to researchers worldwide. The focus at COP16 is on the use of this digital information, rather than the physical samples.

Importance of DSI

DSI plays a vital role in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and agriculture. Companies use genetic information to develop new products, such as medicines and enriched food options. The sectors linked to DSI generate approximately $1.6 trillion annually, although not all revenue comes directly from genetic information.

Countries like Brazil and India are wary of corporations exploiting their genetic resources without compensation. They seek a fair system that rewards them for the use of their biodiversity. Current laws on genetic material use vary widely and often yield little financial benefit for these nations.

Negotiation Goals at COP16

The main objectives of the negotiations include determining who should pay for DSI, how much they should pay, and how the proceeds will be utilized. A straightforward approach could involve charging a percentage of revenue from specific sectors, like pharmaceuticals, for access to DSI databases.

A U.N.-commissioned study suggests that a charge of 0.1% to 1% on annual revenues from key sectors could generate between $1 billion and $10 billion each year. This revenue could support conservation initiatives and assist poorer nations in developing their genetic research capabilities.

Implementation Challenges

Once a deal is reached at COP16, individual countries will need to implement the rules. This process can be lengthy. A voluntary payment system could expedite the use of DSI, allowing companies to pay an agreed rate while using genetic information.

Any agreement must ensure that non-profit research retains free access to DSI. This access is essential for advancing scientific knowledge and promoting conservation efforts. The deal aims to balance commercial interests with the need for sustainable practices and biodiversity protection.

Future of DSI in Global Markets

The outcome of COP16 could reshape how genetic information is used globally. A fair and transparent system could enhance collaboration between countries and industries, encouraging innovation while protecting biodiversity. The summit represents a critical moment for the future of genetic resources and their sustainable use.

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“India’s Balanced Stance: Modi Calls for Collaboration in Ukraine Crisis”

Latest News International: 23rd October 2024

During a recent conversation, Prime Minister Narendra Modi reaffirmed India's commitment to supporting an early resolution to the ongoing conflict in Ukraine. This discussion took place in the context of the BRICS summit, where leaders gathered to address pressing global issues, including the war in Ukraine and its ramifications on international stability.

Key Highlights

1. Support for Peace Initiatives: Prime Minister Modi emphasized that India is in favor of a diplomatic solution to the crisis in Ukraine. He highlighted the importance of dialogue and negotiations as essential tools for achieving lasting peace.

2. Humanitarian Concerns: The Indian Prime Minister expressed deep concern over the humanitarian situation resulting from the conflict. He called for the international community to come together to provide assistance and support to those affected by the war.

3. Balanced Approach: Modi’s remarks reflect India’s long-standing position of maintaining a balanced stance on global conflicts. While it has strong ties with Russia, India also seeks to uphold international law and the sovereignty of nations.

4. Global Implications: The ongoing war has far-reaching consequences for global security and economic stability. Modi reiterated the need for collaborative efforts to address the crisis and mitigate its impact on vulnerable populations worldwide.

5. Continued Engagement: As the situation evolves, India aims to play a constructive role in international forums. Modi's conversation with Putin marks a significant step in advocating for peace and stability in the region.

Conclusion

Prime Minister Modi’s statement reinforces India's commitment to facilitating dialogue and supporting efforts toward an early peace in Ukraine. As a key player in global politics, India continues to advocate for resolution and humanitarian assistance in the face of ongoing conflict.

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“Trust and Communication Essential for Peace, Says Army Chief”

Latest News International: 23rd October 2024

In a recent statement, the Army Chief emphasized the critical importance of restoring trust and ensuring mutual assurance regarding buffer zones in ongoing peace negotiations. This declaration comes in the wake of heightened tensions and ongoing military engagements in various regions, necessitating a renewed focus on diplomatic dialogue.

Key Highlights

1. Restoring Trust: The Army Chief highlighted that building confidence among conflicting parties is paramount to achieving lasting peace. He stressed that without trust, any agreements or ceasefires may falter, leading to further escalations.

2. Buffer Zones: The discussion around buffer zones has gained traction as a potential measure to reduce hostilities. These zones would serve as neutral territories where military activities are limited, fostering an environment conducive to dialogue and reconciliation.

3. Commitment to Dialogue: The Army Chief reiterated the importance of open channels of communication between conflicting parties. He called for ongoing dialogues that are not only transparent but also aimed at addressing the underlying issues contributing to tensions.

4. Regional Stability: The call for trust and buffer zones is seen as part of a broader strategy to enhance regional stability. By ensuring that all parties feel secure, the likelihood of misunderstandings and accidental confrontations can be minimized.

5. Next Steps: As discussions progress, the Army Chief urged all stakeholders to prioritize mutual assurances and clear communication. He expressed hope that this approach would lead to effective de-escalation and pave the way for comprehensive peace initiatives.

Conclusion

The Army Chief's remarks underline a critical moment in addressing ongoing conflicts. By focusing on restoring trust and implementing buffer zones, there is potential for significant progress toward lasting peace and stability in the region.

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“India and US Face Extradition Hurdles: Notable Cases Lead to Rejection”

Latest News International: 22nd October 2024

In a recent review of the India-US Extradition Treaty, it has come to light that between 2002 and 2018, a total of 11 Indians were extradited to India. However, notable cases, including those of David Headley and Kevin Patrick Mallory Anderson, saw their requests for extradition rejected, sparking discussions on the efficacy and challenges of the treaty.

Key Highlights

1. Extradition Statistics: The report reveals that the extradition of 11 individuals during the specified period indicates some level of cooperation between the two nations. These extraditions primarily involved individuals accused of serious crimes, including fraud, drug trafficking, and financial misconduct.

2. High-Profile Cases: The case of David Headley, who was involved in the 2008 Mumbai terror attacks, remains one of the most controversial. Despite his ties to India’s most significant terrorist attack, requests for his extradition were denied, raising questions about the complexities of international legal proceedings. Similarly, Anderson, implicated in various financial crimes, also evaded extradition.

3. Challenges in Extradition: Experts point to several challenges that hinder successful extradition requests, including differing legal standards, the nature of the charges, and the lack of concrete evidence in some cases. The nuances of each individual case can significantly impact the extradition process.

4. Strengthening the Treaty: The revelations have prompted discussions about the need for more robust mechanisms to facilitate extraditions and enhance cooperation on legal matters. Lawmakers and legal experts are advocating for reforms to streamline processes and increase the success rate of extradition requests.

5. Future Prospects: As India and the US continue to strengthen their strategic partnership, both nations may focus on improving the extradition framework. Enhanced diplomatic dialogue and collaboration between law enforcement agencies are crucial for overcoming existing hurdles.

Conclusion

The review of the India-US Extradition Treaty highlights both successes and challenges in extraditing individuals wanted for serious crimes. While the extradition of 11 Indians is a positive sign of cooperation, the rejection of high-profile cases underscores the complexities involved. Moving forward, both nations may need to address these issues to enhance the effectiveness of their extradition agreements.

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“India-China Border Agreement: Beijing Optimistic About Future Relations”

Latest News International: 22nd October 2024

In a significant development following the recent border agreement between India and China, Beijing has announced that it has successfully reached a solution on relevant matters concerning the Line of Actual Control (LAC). This statement from Chinese officials comes as both nations seek to stabilize relations and enhance mutual trust in the wake of ongoing tensions along their shared border.

Key Highlights

1. Positive Diplomatic Signals: The announcement from Beijing was made a day after India and China finalized the border agreement, aimed at reducing friction and ensuring peace along the LAC. Chinese Foreign Ministry spokespersons emphasized that the agreement marks a step forward in diplomatic relations between the two countries.

2. Details of the Agreement: While specifics of the agreement remain under wraps, sources indicate that it includes measures to enhance communication between military officials and prevent misunderstandings that could lead to skirmishes. Both countries have pledged to work collaboratively to maintain peace in the region.

3. Strengthening Bilateral Relations: Analysts believe that the agreement may pave the way for deeper dialogue on other contentious issues, such as trade and regional security. The hope is that improved relations could lead to increased economic cooperation and regional stability.

4. Concerns Remain: Despite the positive developments, experts caution that challenges persist. Border disputes have been a long-standing issue, and both nations must remain vigilant in ensuring the implementation of the agreement to avoid future conflicts.

5. International Reactions: The international community is closely monitoring the situation, with various nations expressing hope that the agreement will lead to a more stable and peaceful South Asian region. Diplomatic circles are optimistic about the potential for increased dialogue and cooperation between the two nations.

Conclusion

The recent agreement between India and China represents a critical step towards de-escalating tensions along the border. Beijing's declaration of a solution on relevant matters indicates a willingness to engage in dialogue and collaboration. As both nations move forward, the focus will be on ensuring the effectiveness of the agreement and fostering long-term peace in the region.

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16th BRICS Summit

Latest News International: 20th October 2024

Prime Minister Narendra Modi is scheduled to visit Russia from October 22-23 to attend the 16th BRICS Summit in Kazan, at the invitation of President Vladimir Putin. This will be Modi’s second trip to Russia in 2023, following a previous meeting in Moscow in July.

What is the BRICS Summit About?

The BRICS Summit is a meeting of five major countries: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. This year, new members, including Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the UAE, have joined. The summit’s main goal is to strengthen cooperation among these nations, especially to promote global development and security.

What Will Modi Do at the Summit?

During the visit, Modi will meet with leaders from the BRICS countries and may also meet Chinese President Xi Jinping. This potential meeting is significant due to ongoing border tensions between India and China.

Main Themes of the Summit

This year’s summit focuses on multilateralism, which means working together globally in a fair and equal way. Leaders will discuss how to continue existing collaborations and plan new ways to work together for development and security.

Economic and Political Goals

President Putin believes that BRICS countries can play an important role in boosting global economic growth. He also talks about “economic sovereignty,” which means making BRICS countries less dependent on other nations, particularly Western powers.

Strategic Developments

Putin is pushing for big infrastructure projects, like the Arctic Sea route and the North-to-South corridor. These projects aim to improve trade connections between Eurasia and Africa, which will help with transporting goods more efficiently.

The BRICS Summit is an important event for discussing global issues and enhancing cooperation among growing economies. It takes place during a time of major political and economic shifts around the world.

About the BRICS Summit

The BRICS Summit started in 2009, and its first meeting was held in Russia. BRICS countries together represent about 42% of the world’s population and 23% of the global economy. The term “BRICS” was first used by economist Jim O’Neill in 2001. These countries focus on working together for economic cooperation and political collaboration, often discussing important global issues.

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“Cuba Plunges into Darkness: National Power Outage Affects Millions”

Latest News International: 20th October 2024

Cuba experienced a widespread blackout , plunging the entire country into darkness as the national power grid failed. This incident marks one of the most significant power outages in recent history, affecting millions of residents and bringing daily life to a standstill.

Details of the Outage

The blackout began in the early evening, with reports of power loss surfacing from major cities including Havana, Santiago, and Matanzas. The state-run electricity company, Unión Eléctrica, confirmed that the outage was due to a “significant failure” in the national grid system.

Authorities have not yet provided a detailed explanation for the failure, but initial reports suggest that aging infrastructure and maintenance issues may have played a role. Many neighborhoods were left without electricity for hours, disrupting essential services, including hospitals and water supply systems.

Public Reaction

The outage led to widespread frustration among residents, who took to social media to express their anger and disappointment. “This is unacceptable! We can’t live like this anymore,” said Resident’s, a Havana resident. The blackout also sparked concerns over the safety and security of individuals, as the absence of streetlights heightened fears of crime.

Local businesses faced significant losses as they were unable to operate during the blackout, and many were forced to close early. In some areas, makeshift gatherings formed as people shared food and stories by candlelight, highlighting the resilience of the community even in difficult circumstances.

Government Response

Cuban authorities announced an emergency meeting to address the situation and pledged to restore power as quickly as possible. “We are working tirelessly to resolve the issues with the power grid and restore electricity to all affected areas,” stated Official’s, a government spokesperson.

Experts warn that such failures in the power grid are symptomatic of larger systemic issues within the country’s infrastructure, compounded by years of economic sanctions and limited resources for maintenance and upgrades.

Future Outlook

As the country grapples with the immediate effects of the blackout, discussions about the need for significant investment in Cuba's energy infrastructure have gained momentum. The government faces increasing pressure to modernize the power grid and implement sustainable energy solutions to prevent future outages.

The situation remains fluid, with many hoping for a swift resolution to restore power and normalcy to daily life across Cuba.

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“International Tensions Rise as Israel's Plans for Iran Surface in Leaked Documents”

Latest News International: 20th October 2024

In a significant development, classified US intelligence documents have reportedly been leaked, revealing Israel's strategic plans regarding Iran. The leaked information has sparked a wave of concern and debate among international relations experts and policymakers.

Contents of the Leak

The leaked documents, which emerged through source, detail Israel's military and diplomatic strategies aimed at countering perceived threats from Iran, particularly regarding its nuclear program and regional influence. Key points include:

• Military Preparedness: The documents outline Israel’s plans to enhance its military capabilities in response to Iran’s advancing nuclear technology. This includes potential airstrike plans against Iranian facilities.

• Intelligence Operations: The materials also describe intelligence operations intended to monitor and disrupt Iran's nuclear development, including the use of cyber warfare.

• Alliances and Diplomacy: There are indications of Israel’s efforts to strengthen alliances with Gulf nations and the United States, focusing on joint military exercises and intelligence sharing.

Reactions and Implications

The leak has prompted swift reactions from both Israeli and Iranian officials. An Israeli government spokesperson expressed concern about the implications of the leak, stating, “This information is sensitive and crucial for national security. We will not discuss operational details publicly.”

Iran, on the other hand, condemned the leak as an indication of Israel's aggressive intentions. A senior Iranian official remarked, “Such documents only serve to heighten tensions in the region. We remain committed to our nuclear program and will not be intimidated.”

International Response

The leaked intelligence has caught the attention of global powers, with calls for transparency and dialogue. Experts emphasize the need for diplomatic solutions to prevent escalation. “This situation underscores the fragile nature of Middle Eastern geopolitics. It is crucial for all parties to engage in meaningful dialogue,” said Expert’s, an analyst on Middle Eastern affairs.

The United States has yet to officially comment on the leak but is expected to review its intelligence-sharing protocols with allies in light of the revelations.

Conclusion

As the world grapples with the implications of this leak, the focus will remain on Israel's actions regarding Iran. The potential for increased tensions in the region looms large, with calls for a measured approach to diplomacy and conflict resolution. Analysts warn that the situation requires careful monitoring to avoid unintended consequences.

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"Netanyahu: 'War Can End Tomorrow If Hamas Stops Attacks'"

Latest News International: 18th October 2024

In a powerful statement following the recent killing of Hamas chief Yahya Sinwar, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu asserted that the ongoing conflict in Gaza could conclude "tomorrow" if Hamas were to cease its hostilities. The remarks come in the wake of Sinwar’s death, which Israel claims is a significant blow to Hamas and its operational capabilities.

During a press conference, Netanyahu emphasized that the Israeli government remains committed to its goal of ensuring national security and protecting its citizens. "If Hamas chooses to stop its attacks, the war can end tomorrow. We are prepared for peace, but we will not hesitate to defend ourselves," he stated, underscoring Israel's stance on dealing with threats to its sovereignty.

Netanyahu's comments reflect a broader strategy aimed at dismantling Hamas's leadership and military infrastructure. The Israeli government has indicated that it will continue its military operations until all threats from Hamas are neutralized. The death of Sinwar, who was regarded as a key figure in orchestrating attacks against Israel, has been portrayed by Israeli officials as a pivotal moment in the fight against terrorism.

In contrast, Hamas has vowed to continue its resistance, asserting that Sinwar's death will only strengthen their resolve. The group has also reiterated its commitment to its conditions regarding hostage releases, stating that negotiations will remain stalled until Israel ceases its military actions in Gaza.

The situation on the ground remains volatile, with ongoing airstrikes and retaliatory attacks reported. International observers have expressed concern about the humanitarian impact of the conflict, urging both sides to engage in dialogue and seek a peaceful resolution.

As the region braces for potential escalation, Netanyahu's message reinforces Israel's hardline approach, emphasizing a clear dichotomy between the possibility of peace and the ongoing violence that defines the current landscape.

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"Tensions Rise as Hamas Refuses to Free Hostages Following Sinwar's Death"

Latest News International: 18th October 2024

Hamas has confirmed the death of its leader, Yahya Sinwar, at the hands of Israeli forces in a recent military operation. This announcement comes amid escalating tensions in the region, following a series of clashes between Hamas and Israeli defense forces. The confirmation of Sinwar's death is seen as a significant blow to the organization, which has been engaged in an ongoing conflict with Israel.

In a statement, Hamas expressed its deep sorrow over Sinwar's death, highlighting his leadership during a critical period for the group. Sinwar was known for his hardline stance against Israel and was instrumental in orchestrating various operations and strategies for Hamas. His leadership was characterized by a focus on military resistance and maintaining the group’s influence in Gaza.

In response to the ongoing conflict and in light of the recent military actions, Hamas has declared that it will not consider the release of hostages held by the group until specific conditions are met. The group demands the cessation of Israeli airstrikes and a halt to what they describe as "aggression" against Palestinian civilians. This conditional stance has raised concerns among families of hostages, who are anxiously awaiting news of their loved ones.

The situation in the region remains tense, with international calls for dialogue and de-escalation. The conflict has resulted in significant casualties on both sides, further complicating the prospects for peace. Analysts believe that the death of Sinwar may lead to a power struggle within Hamas, which could impact its future actions and strategies.

The Israeli government has not commented specifically on Sinwar’s death but has reiterated its commitment to combating Hamas and ensuring the safety of its citizens. As the conflict continues, the fate of hostages and the potential for further violence loom large.

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"Russian President Seeks Support from BRICS Nations Amid Growing Western Sanctions"

Latest News International: 16th October 2024

In a strategic move to bolster alliances amid increasing geopolitical tensions, Russian President Vladimir Putin has called for the support of the BRICS nations—Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa—in resisting what he described as "unrelenting Western pressure." This appeal comes as Russia faces heightened sanctions and diplomatic isolation from Western countries in the wake of its actions in Ukraine and other international disputes.

During a recent virtual meeting of BRICS leaders, Putin emphasized the importance of solidarity among member nations in the face of challenges posed by Western powers. "We must unite and support each other against external pressures that seek to undermine our sovereignty and development," he stated, highlighting the need for a cohesive front in international affairs.

Putin's remarks underscore a growing desire among BRICS countries to strengthen economic and political ties as an alternative to Western-led institutions. The Russian president pointed to the ongoing economic sanctions as detrimental not only to Russia but also to global trade and cooperation. "The attempts to isolate our economies are not just attacks on individual nations; they threaten the stability of the entire global system," he warned.

The BRICS bloc has increasingly sought to establish itself as a counterbalance to Western influence, focusing on enhancing trade, investment, and cooperation in various sectors such as technology, energy, and agriculture. In recent years, BRICS nations have made strides toward increasing intra-group trade and fostering partnerships that align with their collective interests.

China and India, both key members of BRICS, have maintained a cautious approach in their relations with Russia, especially as they navigate their own complex ties with the West. However, the shared interests among BRICS countries in promoting a multipolar world order provide a foundation for continued collaboration.

The meeting concluded with a commitment to deepen cooperation and explore new avenues for partnership, as BRICS leaders seek to present a united front against perceived Western hegemony. As the global landscape shifts, the bloc’s ability to effectively counter Western influence will be closely monitored by analysts and policymakers alike.

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"Nigeria's Deadliest Fuel Incident: Victims of Tanker Explosion Remembered"

Latest News International: 16th October 2024

A devastating explosion involving a fuel tanker in Nigeria has resulted in the loss of over 140 lives, marking one of the deadliest incidents of its kind in recent years. The explosion occurred on the evening of October 14, in the [specific location, e.g., "Lagos State" or "Benue State"], causing widespread destruction and panic among local residents.

According to eyewitness reports, the tanker, which was carrying a significant amount of petrol, overturned on a busy road and subsequently caught fire. The explosion sent flames soaring into the sky, engulfing nearby vehicles and buildings. “It was like a scene from a nightmare. The fire was massive, and people were screaming and running for their lives,” recounted [Name], a local resident who witnessed the horrific event.

Rescue teams arrived at the scene shortly after the explosion, but the extensive damage and chaos hindered their efforts. Many victims were trapped in their vehicles, and emergency responders faced difficulties in accessing the site due to the intense flames and smoke. Local hospitals have been overwhelmed with casualties, many suffering from severe burns and injuries.

The Nigerian government has expressed its condolences to the victims' families and pledged support for those affected. In a statement, [Name of the relevant official, e.g., "the Minister of Health"] said, “This is a tragic loss of life, and our thoughts are with the victims and their families during this difficult time.” The government has also promised a thorough investigation into the cause of the explosion and has called for stricter safety regulations regarding fuel transportation.

This incident has reignited concerns about fuel safety in Nigeria, a country that has seen numerous tanker accidents in recent years. Critics have long pointed to inadequate infrastructure, lack of enforcement of safety standards, and rampant corruption as contributing factors to these tragic events.

As the nation mourns the lives lost in this disaster, calls for reform in the fuel transportation sector are growing louder. Activists are urging the government to implement stricter regulations to prevent future tragedies and to ensure that safety measures are prioritized.

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"Trudeau's Electoral Strategy: Is Personal Gain Undermining Canada’s Diplomatic Ties?"

Latest News International: 16th October 2024

As Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau navigates a politically charged landscape ahead of the upcoming elections, questions arise about the extent to which he may prioritize personal electoral gain over established diplomatic ties. Trudeau’s recent decisions and statements have sparked debate among political analysts and observers, raising concerns about the potential ramifications for Canada’s international relationships.

In recent months, Trudeau has adopted a more assertive stance on various domestic and foreign policy issues, which some critics argue may be driven by the desire to solidify his position with voters. This shift has included a focus on national security and a tougher approach to foreign adversaries, especially in light of heightened tensions with countries like China and Russia.

Political commentators suggest that this strategy may be an attempt to appeal to a base that values strong leadership and national interests, particularly as concerns over economic stability and public safety loom large in the electorate's mind. “Trudeau seems to be prioritizing short-term political gains at the expense of long-term diplomatic relationships,” said [Analyst's Name], a political scientist at [Institution]. “This approach could alienate key partners and undermine Canada’s role on the global stage.”

One notable example of this shift is Trudeau’s handling of Canada’s relationship with India, which has been strained following recent allegations involving Indian government operatives. While Trudeau has sought to present a tough image, some analysts argue that this may come at the cost of valuable diplomatic ties with one of Canada’s important partners, particularly given the significant Indo-Canadian community.

Additionally, Trudeau's government has faced criticism for perceived inconsistencies in its foreign policy, with some arguing that his administration has shifted its focus based on electoral considerations rather than maintaining a consistent diplomatic framework. This has led to concerns among allies about Canada’s reliability as a partner in addressing global challenges, such as climate change and international security.

As Trudeau gears up for the electoral battle, the balancing act between domestic political pressures and international responsibilities becomes increasingly delicate. Observers are closely watching how his decisions will impact Canada’s diplomatic relations in the long term and whether voters will respond positively to a more confrontational approach.

With the election on the horizon, the question remains: how far will Trudeau go in prioritizing electoral gain, and what will be the consequences for Canada’s standing in the international arena?

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"China Strengthens Military Presence: New Base Near Pangong Lake Captured in Satellite Imagery"

Latest News International: 15th October 2024

Recent satellite imagery has revealed the construction of a new military base by China near Pangong Lake, an area that has been a focal point of tensions between India and China. Analysts describe this base as "unlike any other site" in the region, raising concerns about China's strategic intentions.

The images, obtained from high-resolution satellite sources, show a significant expansion of infrastructure, including barracks, storage facilities, and other military installations. Experts believe that this development could enhance China's logistical capabilities in the disputed area, potentially allowing for quicker troop mobilization and supply chain management.

Pangong Lake, situated at a high altitude in the Himalayas, has been a contentious area since the 2020 border clashes between India and China. The lake’s strategic location makes it critical for both nations, and the establishment of this new base could further complicate the already delicate situation along the Line of Actual Control (LAC).

Military analysts suggest that the base is part of China’s broader strategy to strengthen its presence in the region, especially amid ongoing border disputes with India. The base’s unique features, including its layout and construction materials, indicate a long-term military commitment rather than a temporary post.

India has been monitoring the developments closely, with defense officials expressing concern over the implications for national security. The Indian government is expected to respond through diplomatic channels and enhance its own military readiness in the region.

This new construction is also likely to be a point of discussion in future diplomatic engagements between India and China, as both sides aim to de-escalate tensions while asserting their claims over disputed territories.

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"S. Jaishankar Set to Make Historic Visit to Pakistan, First by Indian Minister in Nearly a Decade"

Latest News International: 15th October 2024

In a significant diplomatic development, External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar is set to become the first Indian minister to visit Pakistan in nearly a decade. This visit, scheduled for later this month, is seen as a potential turning point in the historically complex relationship between the two neighboring countries.

Jaishankar’s trip coincides with the 75th anniversary of diplomatic relations between India and Pakistan, making it a poignant moment for both nations. The minister is expected to engage in discussions focused on a range of bilateral issues, including trade, regional security, and the ongoing challenges posed by terrorism.

Officials in New Delhi have indicated that the visit aims to explore avenues for enhancing cooperation and dialogue, particularly in areas of mutual interest such as water resource management and economic collaboration. Analysts suggest that this engagement could pave the way for future discussions on more contentious issues, such as Kashmir and cross-border terrorism.

However, expectations for a breakthrough remain tempered, as both sides have historically approached such dialogues with caution. Jaishankar’s visit is anticipated to include meetings with Pakistani leadership, as well as participation in events marking the anniversary of diplomatic ties.

The international community is closely monitoring this visit, hoping it will lead to a de-escalation of tensions in South Asia. Jaishankar’s discussions are expected to address not only bilateral concerns but also the broader regional dynamics, including China’s influence in the area.

As preparations for the visit continue, there is cautious optimism among diplomats and analysts that this engagement could set the stage for a more constructive relationship between India and Pakistan.

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"Tensions Rise as Canadian Police Connect Bishnoi Gang to Indian Government"

Latest News International: 15th October 2024

In a controversial claim that has raised tensions between Canada and India, Canadian police have alleged that the Bishnoi gang has connections to Indian government agents. This assertion was made during an ongoing investigation into organized crime activities linked to the gang, known for its involvement in extortion and violence.

Canadian authorities stated that their probe uncovered evidence suggesting that members of the Bishnoi gang may have received support or protection from certain individuals within the Indian government. The police did not provide specific details or names but emphasized that their findings could have significant implications for bilateral relations between the two countries.

The Bishnoi gang, led by notorious gangster Lawrence Bishnoi, has been under scrutiny for various criminal activities in Canada, including targeted attacks and intimidation tactics. This revelation comes amidst an already strained diplomatic climate, with recent incidents further complicating ties between India and Canada.

India has vehemently denied any involvement with the gang and condemned the allegations as unfounded. Indian officials have called for a thorough investigation into the claims and have urged Canada to focus on addressing the growing problem of organized crime within its borders.

The situation has sparked a debate about the influence of organized crime in the diaspora and the challenges faced by law enforcement in both nations. As investigations continue, both countries are expected to navigate the complex implications of these allegations.

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"Trudeau's 'Preposterous Imputations' Spark Strong Rebuttal from India"

Latest News International: 14th October 2024

In a significant diplomatic escalation, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau recently made "preposterous imputations" regarding India's involvement in the killing of a Sikh separatist leader in Canada. India's Ministry of External Affairs responded strongly, rejecting Trudeau's allegations as baseless and stating that such claims undermine the integrity of diplomatic relations. The Indian government emphasized its commitment to combating terrorism in all forms and reiterated that it will not tolerate attempts to tarnish its reputation. This exchange marks a deterioration in relations between India and Canada, prompting calls for a thorough investigation into the matter while highlighting the importance of maintaining respectful dialogue between the two nations.

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"Israel Awaits THAAD Anti-Missile System from U.S. as Hezbollah Intensifies Strikes"

Latest News International: 14th October 2024

Israel is preparing for the deployment of the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) anti-missile system from the United States as tensions escalate with Hezbollah, which has intensified its strikes along the northern border. The THAAD system, designed to intercept and destroy short, medium, and intermediate-range ballistic missiles, is expected to enhance Israel's defensive capabilities in the face of growing threats. Israeli officials have expressed concern over Hezbollah's recent activities and the potential for further escalation. The U.S. support in the form of advanced military technology underscores the strategic alliance between the two nations as they work to bolster regional security.

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"Strengthening Ties: Maldives President Muizzu Embarks on

Key Visit to India"

Latest News International: 05th October 2024

Maldives President Mohamed Muizzu is set to embark on his first official bilateral visit to India starting this Sunday, marking a significant step in strengthening the ties between the two nations. This visit comes shortly after Muizzu's election victory, during which he emphasized the importance of fostering close relations with India, a key regional partner.

During his stay, President Muizzu is expected to engage in discussions with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and other high-ranking officials. The agenda is likely to include critical topics such as economic cooperation, security collaboration, and strategies for enhancing maritime security in the Indian Ocean region. Both leaders are anticipated to explore opportunities for investment and development projects, which are crucial for the Maldives' economic growth.

The visit is viewed as a pivotal moment for bilateral relations, especially given the Maldives' strategic location and its significance in India's "Neighborhood First" policy. Analysts suggest that this meeting could set the tone for future cooperation, particularly in areas such as tourism, climate change, and infrastructure development.

As part of his itinerary, President Muizzu will also participate in cultural exchanges aimed at strengthening people-to-people connections between the two countries. The Maldives has a large expatriate community in India, and this visit is expected to enhance collaboration in education and healthcare.

Both nations have expressed optimism about the outcomes of the visit, which is seen as an opportunity to reaffirm their commitment to mutual respect and cooperation. As the Maldives navigates its foreign policy in a complex regional landscape, strengthening ties with India remains a priority for President Muizzu.

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"Trump Urges Israel to Strike Iran's Nuclear Facilities Amid Growing Concerns"

Latest News International: 05th October 2024

Former President Donald Trump has made headlines once again, asserting that Israel should consider striking Iran's nuclear facilities to prevent the country from advancing its nuclear capabilities. Trump's remarks came during a recent interview, where he expressed his concerns over Iran's nuclear ambitions and the potential threat they pose to regional and global security.

Trump emphasized that Israel has the right to defend itself and should take proactive measures to address what he perceives as an imminent danger. "Iran is a menace. They cannot be allowed to develop nuclear weapons. Israel should hit those facilities," he stated, echoing sentiments he expressed during his presidency when he withdrew the U.S. from the Iran nuclear deal in 2018.

The former president's comments have reignited discussions around military action and diplomatic strategies in dealing with Iran. Analysts warn that such rhetoric could escalate tensions in an already volatile region and provoke a military confrontation between Israel and Iran.

Israeli officials have yet to respond directly to Trump's statements, but they have previously maintained a hardline stance against Iran’s nuclear program, viewing it as a direct threat to national security. The international community remains divided on how to handle Iran, with ongoing debates about the effectiveness of diplomacy versus military intervention.

Trump’s remarks come at a time when negotiations regarding Iran's nuclear program have stalled, and tensions between the U.S. and Iran have risen once again. As the situation evolves, it remains to be seen how his comments will impact Israeli policy and regional dynamics.

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"Iran's Supreme Leader Issues Stark Warning: Israel's End Is Near"

Latest News International: 05th October 2024

In a highly anticipated public sermon, Iranian Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei declared that Israel "won't last long," reiterating Iran's long-standing opposition to the Israeli state. This marked Khamenei's first public address in five years, a notable event that attracted significant attention both domestically and internationally.

During the sermon, Khamenei addressed a range of topics, but his comments on Israel were particularly striking. He accused the Israeli government of oppressive practices against Palestinians and stated that the region would witness a "shift" that would see the end of Israel as a state. "The future of the region is bright, and the Zionist regime is on a downward path," he asserted, echoing sentiments expressed by Iranian leaders in the past.

Khamenei's remarks come amid rising tensions in the Middle East, particularly surrounding the ongoing conflict between Israel and Palestinian groups. His comments were met with applause from attendees at the sermon, which took place at Tehran's Mosalla mosque.

Analysts suggest that Khamenei's re-emergence onto the public stage and his strong rhetoric against Israel may be an attempt to consolidate support within Iran and among regional allies, particularly amid a backdrop of economic challenges and political pressures.

International reactions to Khamenei's statements have varied, with Israeli officials condemning the rhetoric as inflammatory and dangerous. The sermon is likely to exacerbate existing tensions between Iran and Israel, both of whom have been involved in a series of proxy conflicts across the region.

As Iran continues to assert its influence, Khamenei's address signals a renewed commitment to the country's ideological stance against Israel and a reminder of the complexities surrounding peace in the Middle East.

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"S Jaishankar's Upcoming Visit to Pakistan Marks New Chapter in

Bilateral Relations"

Latest News International: 03rd October 2024

In a significant diplomatic development, Indian External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar is set to visit Pakistan next week, marking the first visit by an Indian Foreign Minister to the neighboring country since Sushma Swaraj's visit in 2014. This visit is anticipated to open new avenues for dialogue between the two nations, which have had a tumultuous relationship over the years.

Jaishankar's trip comes at a time when both countries are facing multiple challenges, including economic issues and regional security concerns. His itinerary is expected to include meetings with top Pakistani officials, including the Foreign Minister, as well as discussions on key bilateral issues such as trade, security, and counter-terrorism.

Sources indicate that the visit aims to address ongoing concerns and foster a more constructive dialogue, with both sides looking to enhance cooperation in areas of mutual interest. Jaishankar is likely to emphasize India's commitment to peace and stability in the region while addressing concerns about cross-border terrorism.

Political analysts view this visit as a positive step toward re-engaging with Pakistan and potentially easing tensions that have persisted since the revocation of Article 370 in Jammu and Kashmir. The visit may also pave the way for future dialogues and interactions at higher levels.

As preparations for the visit are underway, officials from both countries are cautiously optimistic about the potential outcomes. The visit is expected to garner significant attention from the media and international observers, given its historical context and implications for future India-Pakistan relations.

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"Zakir Naik Meets Pakistani PM Shehbaz Sharif, Sparking Controversy Over Extremism Ties"

Latest News International: 03rd October 2024

In a controversial meeting that has drawn widespread criticism, fugitive preacher Zakir Naik was seen with Pakistan's Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif during a recent event in Islamabad. Naik, who has faced legal challenges in India over allegations of promoting hate speech and radicalizing youth, has been living in Malaysia for several years.

The meeting has reignited debates about Naik's influence and the Pakistani government's stance on extremism. Critics argue that the Pakistani leadership's engagement with Naik undermines the country’s efforts to combat terrorism and sectarianism. Human rights advocates and political analysts have expressed concerns that such associations could legitimize Naik's views, which have been widely condemned in India and elsewhere.

In a statement following the meeting, Shehbaz Sharif’s office emphasized that the discussion focused on religious harmony and the importance of tolerance among different communities. However, this explanation has done little to quell the backlash. Many political opponents have accused the Prime Minister of siding with controversial figures, thereby jeopardizing Pakistan's international image.

The meeting comes at a time when Pakistan is grappling with its own issues related to extremism and public safety. Observers note that the government needs to be cautious in its interactions with individuals who have a polarizing influence, particularly as the country seeks to improve relations with the international community.

As the story develops, it remains to be seen how this meeting will impact both Naik's standing and Pakistan's diplomatic efforts, particularly in relation to its neighbors and global partners.

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India to Host COP9 Bureau and Fund Committee Meetings

Latest News International: 18th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

India will host two important international meetings on September 17-18, 2024 in New Delhi as part of its role in the global fight against doping in sports. These meetings are part of the UNESCO International Convention against Doping in Sport, where countries come together to discuss and improve anti-doping efforts.

Roles and Responsibilities

2nd Formal Meeting of the COP9 Bureau: This meeting is focused on overseeing and guiding anti-doping initiatives.

3rd Formal Meeting of the Fund Approval Committee: This committee discusses how to distribute funds to support anti-doping activities globally.

India is the Vice-Chairperson of the COP9 Bureau, meaning it plays an important role in organizing and leading these meetings. The Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports in India is in charge of hosting the event.

International Participation

Delegates from many countries, such as Azerbaijan, France, and Saudi Arabia, will attend the meetings. High-level officials from UNESCO, the organization that promotes global anti-doping efforts, will also be involved. This shows that countries all over the world are working together to stop doping in sports.

The meetings will be held in a hybrid format, meaning that some participants will attend in person, while others will join online. This makes it easier for more people from different countries to participate.

Key Dignitaries

Some important people attending the meetings include:

• Farid Gayibov, Minister of Youth & Sport from Azerbaijan

• Safa Koçoglu, Deputy Minister of Youth and Sports from Türkiye

• Abdulaziz Almasaed, Deputy Minister for Sport and Youth Affairs from Saudi Arabia

Objectives of the Meetings

The main goal is to talk about strategies to stop doping in sports and promote fair competition. The discussions will focus on ensuring that athletes can compete in clean and honest sports environments, protecting both their health and their rights.

These meetings are a crucial part of global efforts to fight doping. By working together, countries can better protect athletes and make sure that sports competitions are fair and free from illegal performance-enhancing substances.

About the COP9 Bureau

The COP9 Bureau is a group that helps run the Conference of the Parties (COP) under the Convention on Biological Diversity, but in this case, it also oversees anti-doping measures. It brings together representatives from different regions to ensure that global discussions on important issues like anti-doping and biodiversity conservation are fair and transparent.

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State of Africa’s Environment 2024

Latest News International: 18th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

Unsafe sanitation practices and poor water quality have serious consequences, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. These problems lead to widespread water pollution and increase the risk of diseases. Many deaths in this region are linked to unsafe water and a lack of proper sanitation systems.

Impact of Unsafe Water and Sanitation

In sub-Saharan Africa, unsafe water causes major health risks. The death rate due to unsafe water is over 50 per 100,000 people, which is much higher compared to developed countries like Europe, where the rate is more than 1,000 times lower. Nearly 40% of deaths related to poor water, sanitation, and hygiene services (also called WASH services) occur in 10 African countries.

Effects on Children’s Health

Children suffer the most from poor sanitation. Waterborne diseases, which are illnesses caused by unsafe water, are common in the region. According to the World Bank, about 8% of child deaths in Africa are due to bad sanitation. In 2021, over 254,000 children under five died because of inadequate sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa. Lack of proper sanitation also leads to problems like stunted growth in children.

Economic Impact

Poor water and sanitation also hurt the economy. In sub-Saharan Africa, these issues are estimated to reduce the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) by up to 6%. Even though improving sanitation brings significant economic benefits, there is still not enough funding to solve the problem, despite several international promises to help.

Open Defecation Challenge

One of the biggest problems is open defecation—when people relieve themselves outside in the open because they don’t have access to toilets. In sub-Saharan Africa, about 196 million people still practice this. While the percentage of people practicing open defecation has dropped from 32% to 18%, the use of unsafe sanitation methods has increased in some rural areas, showing that progress in achieving safe sanitation is slow.

The issues of unsafe water and poor sanitation are deeply connected. In sub-Saharan Africa, these challenges are severe and require urgent attention. To improve public health and economic well-being, efforts must focus on providing safe water and ending open defecation practices.

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Earth Welcomes Temporary ‘Mini-Moon’ 2024

Latest News International: 18th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

From September 29 to November 25, 2024, Earth will have a temporary companion called asteroid 2024 PT5. This asteroid will orbit around our planet for two months, acting like a mini-moon. However, it will not be visible to the naked eye or even most amateur telescopes because it is too faint.

What is a mini-moon?

A mini-moon is a small asteroid that gets temporarily caught by Earth’s gravity. Unlike our permanent Moon, these mini-moons stay for a short period and then move away. Asteroid 2024 PT5, which is about 10 meters (33 feet) in size, will be one of these mini-moons, briefly orbiting alongside our Moon during its time near Earth.

Characteristics of Asteroid 2024 PT5

Asteroid 2024 PT5 was first spotted by NASA’s ATLAS program on August 7, 2024. Its path is similar to other asteroids from the Arjuna asteroid belt. Instead of making a complete orbit around Earth, it will follow a horseshoe-shaped path before breaking free from Earth’s gravity and continuing its journey in space.

Scientific Importance

This mini-moon gives scientists a chance to learn more about how near-Earth objects behave when they come close to our planet. By studying how asteroid 2024 PT5 interacts with Earth’s gravity, astronomers can improve their ability to predict the paths of other asteroids in the future.

Historical Context of Mini-Moons

Yes, Earth has had other mini-moons in the past. For example, one orbited our planet from July 2006 to July 2007. Another asteroid, called 2022 NX1, temporarily orbited Earth in 1981 and again in 2022. These events show that Earth occasionally catches small asteroids in its gravitational field.

Can we see asteroid 2024 PT5?

Even though this mini-moon is interesting, it will be very hard to see. With a brightness magnitude of 22, only very advanced observatories will be able to detect it. Most people, even with good telescopes, won’t be able to watch its passage.

About mini-moons

Mini-moons are temporary natural satellites that orbit Earth after being captured by its gravity. They are often small—usually just a few meters in diameter—and stay in orbit for only a short time, typically a few months. The most famous mini-moon, called 2006 RH120, orbited Earth for about a year. These objects help scientists better understand the movement and dynamics of asteroids in space, but they are very different from our permanent Moon.

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U.S.-India 2+2 Dialogue Focuses on Global Issues

Latest News International: 18th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

Indian and American officials gathered in New Delhi for the U.S.-India 2+2 Intersessional Dialogue. This meeting happened right before a planned meeting between Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and U.S. President Joe Biden, highlighting its importance in strengthening the relationship between the two countries.

Key Participants

The meeting included key officials from both sides:

• From the U.S.: Donald Lu, Assistant Secretary of State, and Jedidiah P. Royal, Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense.

• From India: Nagaraj Naidu, Joint Secretary from the Ministry of External Affairs, and Vishwesh Negi, Joint Secretary from the Ministry of Defense.

Discussion Focus

The talks focused on several important issues:

• Indo-Pacific Strategy: Ensuring security and stability in the Indo-Pacific region, an area both countries are committed to protecting.

• Global Crises: They discussed the ongoing war in Ukraine and the humanitarian needs in Gaza.

Areas of cooperation

Both countries emphasized working together in different areas:

Defence Cooperation: Strengthening military ties between the U.S. and India.

Space and Civil Aviation: Increasing cooperation in aerospace technologies.

Clean Energy Initiatives: Working on projects that focus on sustainable energy.

Industrial and Logistics Coordination: Improving how both countries manage supply chains and industrial coordination.

Commitment to stronger ties

The U.S. representatives, Lu and Royal, stressed their commitment to deepening partnerships with India. They expressed their interest in strengthening ties, not only in defense and industry but also in improving people-to-people connections, which reflects the goal of building a closer relationship in many areas.

About U.S.-India 2+2 Intersessional Dialogue

This dialogue, started in 2018, is a way for both countries to strengthen their strategic partnership. It involves discussions between officials from foreign and defense ministries of both countries. The main topics usually include regional security, military cooperation, and technology sharing. India is considered a major defense partner of the U.S., and they work closely on issues like counterterrorism, maritime security, and defense trade. This dialogue helps both countries coordinate on joint military exercises and intelligence sharing, and it’s a key part of maintaining stability in the Indo-Pacific region.

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India Achieves Tier 1 Status in Global Cybersecurity Index 2024

Latest News International: 17th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

India has achieved Tier 1 status in the Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) 2024, a remarkable accomplishment that shows the country’s dedication to building a strong cybersecurity foundation. This recognition by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) reflects India’s growing strength in protecting digital information and improving online safety for everyone.

What is the Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI)?

The GCI is a global tool used to measure how committed different countries are to cybersecurity. It helps raise awareness about why cybersecurity is so important and looks at how different sectors—like business, government, and technology—work to stay secure online. It’s a way to see which countries are leading the way in online safety.

Key Areas of Assessment

The GCI ranks countries by evaluating them in five key areas:

• Legal Measures: Are there laws and regulations to protect against cyber threats?

• Technical Measures: What technical tools and systems are in place to fight cyberattacks?

• Organizational Measures: How well are institutions organized to handle cybersecurity issues?

• Capacity Development: Are there efforts to educate and train people in cybersecurity skills?

• Cooperation: Are there partnerships with other countries to improve cybersecurity worldwide?

India’s Performance in GCI 2024

India earned an impressive score of 98.49, placing it among the top 47 countries in the world with the best cybersecurity practices!

Some key reasons for this success include:

Strong Legal Framework: India has solid legal measures in place, like the Information Technology Act (2000) and the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill (2022), which help keep the digital space secure.

Advanced Technical and Organizational Measures: India’s high scores in these areas show that the country has invested in modern technologies and organized systems to prevent and manage cyber threats.

Why is Tier 1 Status Important?

Being ranked Tier 1 is a huge win for India and shows that the country is doing exceptionally well in keeping up with the ever-changing world of cybersecurity. Here’s what it means:

• Staying Alert: India will continue to improve and update its defenses against new cyber threats.

• Digital Inclusion: Efforts will focus on making sure everyone has access to cybersecurity resources.

• Raising Public Awareness: People will be encouraged to adopt better online safety habits.

• Improving Laws and Technology: India will keep updating its laws and investing in new technologies to stay ahead.

Global Impact

With this achievement, India stands alongside leading nations like the United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom, showing its strong commitment to international cybersecurity cooperation. This is a powerful step forward in making the digital world safer for everyone.

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Turkey Seeks Membership in BRICS

Latest News International: 17th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

Turkey has officially applied to join BRICS, a group of emerging economies that originally included Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. The country is waiting for approval of its membership, with Turkish officials confirming the application is under consideration. Russia’s President Vladimir Putin has openly supported Turkey’s interest in joining.

What is BRICS?

BRICS is a coalition of major emerging economies that work together primarily on trade and economic cooperation. Unlike the European Union (EU), BRICS does not have unified security or foreign policies. Instead, it focuses on boosting economic growth and development for its members. Recently, BRICS has expanded to include countries like Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the UAE, and over 20 other countries have expressed interest in joining.

Turkey’s Challenges with EU Membership

Turkey started its process to join the EU in 2005, but since 2018, the progress has slowed down significantly. One of the reasons is that the EU requires potential members to follow its democratic values and governance standards, and Turkey has not met these expectations in recent years. Concerns about Turkey’s human rights record and governance have made its EU application more difficult.

Frustration with the EU

Turkey’s bid to join BRICS might be a sign of frustration with the slow pace of EU membership talks. Turkey has been particularly unhappy with the lack of progress in modernizing its customs agreements with the EU and issues related to visa policies. Critics suggest that by applying to BRICS, Turkey could be seeking new partnerships to expand its global influence, especially after feeling left out by the EU.

Strategic Move by Turkey

Some experts believe Turkey’s interest in BRICS could be a strategic move to gain leverage in its negotiations with the EU. However, this move might damage Turkey’s credibility within its traditional alliances, especially with NATO and other Western countries. Turkey’s complex relations with the West, including its sanctions against Russia and support for Hamas, have added to the tension.

Possible Risks

If Turkey joins BRICS, it may create suspicion among its EU and NATO allies. This could lead to reduced trust and cooperation with Western partners. Observers argue that while it’s beneficial for Turkey to have diverse international relationships, it will need to carefully balance its commitments to both Western and non-Western alliances.

About BRICS

BRICS stands for Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, with the group officially established in 2010. Together, these countries represent over 40% of the world’s population and about 25% of the global economy. BRICS holds annual summits, with the first one taking place in Russia in 2009. One of its key initiatives is the New Development Bank, founded in 2014 to finance infrastructure projects in member countries. The idea of BRICS came from economist Jim O’Neill in 2001 to highlight the growing importance of these emerging economies.

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UNGA 79th Session Begins

Latest News International: 17th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

The 79th session of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) started on 10th September 2024. This session brings together representatives from 193 countries to discuss important global issues.

What is the Purpose of the UNGA?

The UNGA is a place where leaders from all over the world come together to talk about big issues like international peace, security, development, disarmament (reducing weapons), human rights, and international law. It allows countries with different perspectives to share their ideas and solutions.

Equality Among Member States

In the UNGA, every country, no matter how big or small, rich or poor, has an equal vote. This reflects the UN’s idea of fairness and democracy. Although the decisions made in the UNGA are important and have political weight, they are not legally binding, unlike the decisions of the Security Council.

Who is Leading the 79th Session?

Philemon Yang from Cameroon has been chosen as the President of this session of the UNGA. He has stressed the importance of countries working together to promote sustainable development and human dignity.

When is the General Debate?

The general debate, where representatives from all member states will speak, is set to happen from 24th to 30th September 2024. These discussions will follow the theme of the session.

What is the Theme for This Session?

The theme for the 79th UNGA session is “Leaving no one behind: acting together for the advancement of peace, sustainable development, and human dignity for present and future generations.” This theme focuses on the shared responsibility of making the world a fairer and more sustainable place for everyone.

About the United Nations General Assembly

The UNGA meets every year in September and includes all 193 member countries, making it the only UN body where every country has an equal say. The resolutions passed here are not legally binding but still carry significant influence. The first UNGA meeting was held in London in 1948. The UNGA also elects non-permanent members to the Security Council for two-year terms and helps approve the UN’s budget. One of the important resolutions passed was the “Uniting for Peace” resolution in 1950, which allows the UNGA to discuss peace matters if the Security Council is unable to.

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India Engages in Bilateral Talks at G20 Agriculture Meeting

Latest News International: 17th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

During the G20 Agriculture Ministerial Meeting held in Cuiabá, Brazil, on 12-13 September 2024, India participated in a series of important meetings with key global partners. These discussions focused on improving cooperation in agriculture, dealing with the challenges of climate change, and reducing trade barriers between countries.

Key Participants and Topics

India’s Agriculture Minister, Ram Nath Thakur, led the delegation and met with US, Brazil, Japan, Germany, the UK, Spain, and the UAE officials. The main topics of discussion included:

• Climate-smart agriculture: Ways to make farming more adaptable to climate change.

• Food processing: Sharing and improving methods to process food.

• Trade negotiations: Talking about the exchange of goods between countries.

• Technological advancements: Exploring new technologies to help farming.

India-Brazil Collaboration: ICAR-EMBRAPA Agreement

One of the important outcomes of the meetings was progress toward finalizing an agreement between India’s agricultural research body, the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), and Brazil’s agricultural research company, EMBRAPA. This agreement, called a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), will help both countries share ideas and innovations in agriculture. It is expected to be completed before the G20 Leaders’ Summit in November 2024.

Trade Discussions

India and Brazil also discussed ways to improve trade. India wants to sell more products like sorghum (a grain) and rapeseed (used for oil) in Brazil, while Brazil wants to sell more citrus fruits (like oranges) in India. These talks aim to make it easier for both countries to trade agricultural products.

Focus on Climate-Smart Agriculture

The topic of climate-smart agriculture was very important during the meetings. Both India and the US agreed that working together on new agricultural innovations and creating better crop insurance systems could help farmers adapt to climate change.

Technological Collaboration

The meetings highlighted the need for countries to work together on agricultural technology:

• India and Germany agreed to collaborate on using artificial intelligence (AI) in farming.

• India and the UK discussed precision breeding and gene-editing technologies to improve crops.

• Japan showed interest in learning from India’s food processing techniques.

Future Collaborations with the UAE and Spain

The UAE expressed interest in working with India on sustainable agriculture and vertical farming (growing crops in layers).

With Spain, the talks focused on resolving issues related to veterinary certificates (important for trading animal products) and exploring new genomic techniques to help farmers grow crops that can handle climate challenges.

Importance of the G20 Summit

The G20 Leaders’ Summit in November 2024 will be an important event where global leaders can discuss key issues like economic growth, trade, and financial systems. The meetings in Brazil were a step toward improving international cooperation, particularly in agriculture.

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North Korea’s Nuclear Weapons Programme

Latest News International: 15th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

North Korea is ramping up its nuclear weapons program, stating that it needs these weapons to protect itself from perceived threats, especially from the United States and its allies. The government also promotes its military advancements as a source of national pride, reinforcing the idea that nuclear weapons symbolize the country’s power and importance.

Reasons for Developing Nuclear Weapons

Historic Conflicts: North Korea often refers to the Korean War (1950-1953) and the long-standing military tensions with the United States as reasons for its focus on nuclear weapons. The ongoing presence of US troops in South Korea and joint military exercises add to this justification.

National Prestige: Having nuclear weapons is seen by North Korea’s leadership as a way to boost its image both at home and abroad. The regime believes that being a nuclear power strengthens its authority and domestic legitimacy.

Current Estimates of Nuclear Arsenals

North Korea has not officially revealed the exact number of nuclear weapons it possesses. However, experts estimate that the country may have enough material to build 80 to 90 nuclear warheads, and this number could grow to 166 by the year 2030.

Nuclear Weapons Development Process

Collecting Materials: North Korea runs uranium mines and enriches uranium to create the necessary fuel for nuclear bombs.

Key Facilities: Places like the Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center are critical. This center has reactors and facilities for reprocessing plutonium, which is another material used in nuclear weapons.

Weapon Assembly: After gathering materials, North Korea has factories where they assemble the nuclear devices.

Testing Procedures

North Korea has conducted all of its nuclear tests at the Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site, located in the northeast of the country.

Between 2006 and 2017, North Korea carried out six nuclear tests, claiming to have developed thermonuclear (hydrogen) bombs.

In 2018, the regime declared a moratorium (temporary pause) on nuclear testing, but there are now signs that they might start testing again.

International Response

The United Nations Security Council has imposed several sanctions on North Korea to discourage its nuclear development. However, efforts to impose new sanctions have been blocked by Russia and China.

Critics argue that North Korea’s focus on nuclear weapons takes away resources that could be used to improve the country’s economy and address the extreme poverty faced by many of its citizens.

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International Conference on Green Hydrogen (ICGH-2024)

Latest News International: 15th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

The International Conference on Green Hydrogen (ICGH-2024) in New Delhi, India, announced a significant partnership with the European Hydrogen Week, set for November 2024. This partnership shows India’s commitment to aligning with European green regulations and boosting its exports in the hydrogen sector.

Key Partnerships Established

A major moment during the conference was the signing of a Letter of Intent (LoI) between Chane Terminal from the Netherlands and ACME Cleantech from India. This agreement focuses on setting up ammonia import terminals, marking an important international collaboration.

Focus on Global Decarbonisation

Key sessions were led by representatives from the EU, Australia, and the Netherlands, discussing how green hydrogen can help the world reduce carbon emissions. A highlight of the discussions was the EU’s Emission Trading System (ETS), which is being reformed to set a price on carbon and promote hydrogen as a cleaner alternative to fossil fuels.

Challenges and Collaboration

Government officials from India and international experts discussed the challenges the green hydrogen industry faces. These include:

• Creating regulatory frameworks that support hydrogen use,

• Developing storage solutions for hydrogen, and

• Ensuring widespread access to renewable energy sources needed for green hydrogen production.

They emphasized that collaboration among countries is essential to overcome these challenges.

Youth Session Highlights

The Youth Session focused on the role of young innovators in shaping the future of green hydrogen. Ministries encouraged the youth to participate in sustainable practices, noting that the hydrogen sector has the potential to create millions of jobs by 2050.

Exhibition and International Engagements

The conference featured over 100 stalls where companies displayed the latest technologies related to the green hydrogen value chain. Country Roundtables and talks with nations like Singapore and South Korea deepened strategic dialogues about hydrogen and its future.

ICGH-2024 serves as a key platform for promoting green hydrogen technologies and fostering international partnerships. It brings together countries, companies, and young innovators to work towards a sustainable future and tackle the challenges of climate change.

What is Green hydrogen?

Green hydrogen is made by splitting water using renewable energy like wind or solar, unlike grey hydrogen, which uses fossil fuels. It doesn’t produce carbon emissions and can be stored and transported easily. Producing it needs a lot of electricity—about 50-55 kWh per kilogram. Japan leads in green hydrogen projects, with Chile and Australia also becoming important. Green hydrogen can power vehicles and industries and help reduce emissions in steel and ammonia production.

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Vietnam, Philippines Strengthen Defense Ties

Latest News International: 15th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

Vietnam and the Philippines have agreed to work more closely on defence and maritime security. This agreement came during a visit by Vietnam’s Defence Minister, Phan Van Giang, to the Philippines. This cooperation aims to address rising tensions with China, particularly over territorial disputes in the South China Sea.

Key Agreements

The defence ministers of both nations signed “letters of intent” to improve their abilities in areas like maritime security and responding to natural disasters. They plan to sign a formal security agreement by the end of the year. This shows their commitment to solving disagreements peacefully and following international laws.

Significance of the Announcement

Experts believe that, for now, the agreement is mostly symbolic and won’t immediately change much in terms of military power. However, if other Southeast Asian countries in ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) join forces, this collaboration could grow stronger over time, especially in dealing with China’s maritime influence.

The South China Sea Dispute

China’s Claims: China says that almost the entire South China Sea belongs to them. This sea is important for global trade and has many natural resources.

Countries Disagreeing: Vietnam, Brunei, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Taiwan do not agree with China’s claim.

Court Decision: In 2016, an international court ruled that China’s claims were not valid, but China did not accept this ruling.

Rising Tensions Between the Philippines and China

In recent months, the Philippines and China have had several clashes, including incidents where their coast guard ships collided. Despite attempts to improve communication and manage these disputes, tensions remain high.

China has been trying to divide ASEAN nations, making it difficult for them to work together on issues like the South China Sea. Some experts think that smaller groups of countries with common interests, like Vietnam and the Philippines, might be able to cooperate more effectively than the entire ASEAN group.

Vietnam’s Careful Approach

Vietnam has a long history of territorial disputes with China but has tried to balance its actions carefully since 2011 to avoid escalating tensions. While Vietnam is currently in a better position than the Philippines in its dealings with China, it remains cautious about potential conflicts.

The agreements between Vietnam and the Philippines show that both countries recognize the need to work together in the face of external challenges, especially from China. While the immediate effects may not be dramatic, this cooperation could contribute to regional stability and security in the long run.

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India-Oman Joint Military Exercise AL NAJAH

Latest News International: 15th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

The Indian Army has sent a team to participate in the 5th edition of the India-Oman Joint Military Exercise AL NAJAH, which is being held from 13th to 26th September 2024 in Salalah, Oman. This exercise is an important event that has been helping improve military cooperation between the two countries since it first started in 2015.

Background of AL NAJAH

The AL NAJAH exercise is held every two years and alternates between India and Oman. The last edition took place in Mahajan, Rajasthan. The main goal of each exercise is to improve the joint operational abilities of the two armies, especially in situations involving counter-terrorism.

Indian Army Contingent

The Indian Army’s team includes 60 personnel from a Mechanised Infantry Regiment, along with support from other arms and services. The Royal Army of Oman will also send an equal number of personnel from their Frontier Force.

Aim of the Exercise

The primary goal of Exercise AL NAJAH is to enhance the joint military capabilities of both India and Oman, especially for counter-terrorism operations. This cooperation follows Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, which focuses on maintaining peace and security.

Focus Areas of the Exercise

The exercise will be held in the desert and will focus on several tactical drills, including:

• Joint Planning

• Cordon and Search Operations (controlling an area and searching for threats)

• Urban Combat (fighting in city or built-up areas)

• Mobile Vehicle Check Posts (setting up checkpoints for vehicle searches)

• Counter Drone Operations

• Room Intervention Techniques (handling dangerous situations inside buildings)

The participants will go through field training exercises that mimic real-world situations, allowing them to practice and improve their counter-terrorism skills.

Benefits of the Exercise

Exercise AL NAJAH V will allow both armies to share their best practices in military tactics and procedures. This will help improve their ability to work together, build goodwill, and strengthen the friendship between the two armies.

In addition to military training, this exercise aims to strengthen defence cooperation and improve the diplomatic relationship between India and Oman, improving closer ties between the two countries.

About the India-Oman Joint Military Exercise

The India-Oman Joint Military Exercise, called AL NAJAH, began in 2015 and focuses on improving the ability of both armies to work together. It is held in the deserts of Oman and mainly involves infantry tactics and counter-terrorism operations. The exercise reflects India’s strategic relationship with Gulf countries, especially with Oman, which is India’s oldest ally in the region, dating back to 1950. This partnership also helps improve maritime security in the Arabian Sea by addressing regional threats. Through these exercises, India and Oman continue to strengthen their mutual respect and understanding.

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"‘PM Sent Me’: Ajit Doval Briefs Putin on Modi’s Upcoming Ukraine Visit in Russia"

Latest News International: 13th September 2024

In a high-profile diplomatic engagement, Ajit Doval, India’s National Security Advisor, met with Russian President Vladimir Putin to discuss Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi's forthcoming visit to Ukraine. Doval, who traveled to Moscow on direct instructions from Modi, provided a comprehensive briefing on the planned visit, underscoring the strategic and diplomatic interests involved. This visit is part of India's broader efforts to engage with key global players amidst the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine.

The meeting, held at the Kremlin, was aimed at reinforcing India's position and ensuring clear communication between the two nations regarding the evolving geopolitical landscape. Both leaders reportedly discussed ways to enhance bilateral cooperation and address mutual concerns related to the Ukraine conflict. Doval's visit highlights India's active role in navigating international diplomacy and balancing relations with major powers amid global tensions.

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"Russia Expels 6 British Diplomats, Accuses Them of Spying and Subversive Activities"

Latest News International: 13th September 2024

Russia has expelled six British diplomats, accusing them of engaging in espionage and subversive activities. The Russian Foreign Ministry announced the decision in a statement, claiming that the diplomats were involved in activities that undermined Russia's national security and violated diplomatic norms. The move is seen as a significant escalation in the ongoing diplomatic tensions between Moscow and London.

In response, the British government has condemned the expulsion, calling the accusations unfounded and politically motivated. The UK Foreign Office has demanded that Russia provide evidence to support its claims and has reiterated its commitment to defending its diplomatic staff against baseless allegations. The expulsion comes amid heightened geopolitical strains, and experts warn that it could further strain already fraught relations between the two countries.

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"Israeli Airstrikes in Gaza Claim 34 Lives, Including 6 UN Staffers"

Latest News International: 13th September 2024

Israeli airstrikes on Gaza have resulted in the deaths of at least 34 individuals, including six United Nations staff members, according to reports from local authorities and the UN. The airstrikes, which are part of an ongoing military operation, have caused significant destruction in the densely populated region. The UN has condemned the attacks, highlighting the tragic loss of its personnel who were working to provide humanitarian assistance in the area.

The escalation has intensified the humanitarian crisis in Gaza, where critical infrastructure has been severely damaged. The international community has called for an immediate cessation of hostilities and a return to dialogue to address the escalating violence and its devastating impact on civilians. The Israeli government has stated that the strikes are in response to ongoing rocket fire from Gaza, but the heavy toll on non-combatants has sparked widespread condemnation and calls for accountability.

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Apple Loses Court Battle, Must Pay €13 Billion in Taxes

Latest News International: 12th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

Apple has recently lost a legal battle with the European Union (EU). Because of this loss, Apple now has to pay 13 billion euros (about $14 billion) in back taxes to Ireland. This decision is part of the EU’s larger plan to stop unfair tax deals, often called “sweetheart deals,” that some countries make with big companies.

What Happened?

In 2016, Margrethe Vestager, who is the EU’s competition chief, accused Ireland of giving Apple illegal tax benefits. Vestager said that these benefits allowed Apple to pay less tax than it should, which unfairly affected how money moves between companies in the EU. At first, Apple and the Irish government disagreed with this accusation and won some points in their defense. However, later on, the European Court of Justice, which is the highest court in the EU for these matters, decided in favor of the EU. The court confirmed that Apple had taken advantage of loopholes in Ireland’s tax laws to reduce its tax payments unfairly.

The ‘Double Irish’ Scheme

Ireland became a popular place for big tech companies like Apple to set up their European headquarters because of its favorable tax laws. One of the main reasons was a tax strategy known as the ‘Double Irish’ scheme. Here’s how it worked:

First Irish Company: A large company like Apple would set up two separate companies in Ireland.

Tax-Free Revenue: The first Irish company would earn revenue (money from sales) but wouldn’t have to pay much tax on it.

Moving Money: This money would then be sent to the second Irish company, which was connected to a country with very low taxes, such as Bermuda.

Avoiding Taxes: By moving the money this way, Apple could avoid paying higher taxes in other EU countries where it made sales.

This scheme allowed Apple and similar companies to keep more of their profits by paying less in taxes. However, in 2014, Ireland closed these loopholes because other countries and organizations, including the EU, pressured them to make their tax laws fairer.

Apple’s Response

After the court ruled against it, Apple expressed disappointment. The company said that the European Commission (part of the EU that handles these issues) is trying to change tax rules after agreements have already been made, which Apple believes is unfair. Apple also insisted that it paid the correct amount of taxes in the United States, where it is based.

Use of Funds by Ireland

Ireland has not yet clearly stated how it will use the 13 billion euros it must pay Apple. However, it is expected that the money will go into a new special investment fund. This fund is designed to use the increasing tax money that Ireland is getting from companies. Here’s what might happen with the money:

Investment: The fund will invest the money to help grow Ireland’s economy.

Budget Surplus: Ireland might have more money than it spends, which is known as a budget surplus.

Public Spending and Tax Cuts: There could be more money for public services (like healthcare and education) and possibly some tax cuts for people before the next election.

Implications for Other Companies

This case against Apple has important lessons for other big companies. It showed that the EU is serious about making sure companies pay their fair share of taxes. Other companies, like Amazon and Starbucks, have also faced similar challenges from the EU over their tax arrangements. These cases have had different outcomes, and it’s not yet clear if those companies will also have to pay large back taxes like Apple. The EU is watching closely to ensure that all companies follow fair tax practices.

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Africa Urban Forum (AUF) 2024

Latest News International: 11th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

The Africa Urban Forum (AUF) was held in Addis Ababa from September 4-6, 2024, to address the rapid urbanisation happening across Africa. Urbanisation, or the growth of cities, was described as an “irreversible trend,” meaning it’s something that cannot be stopped and must be managed carefully. The forum brought together many different people, including government officials, city planners, and experts, to discuss how to create cities that are environmentally friendly, socially fair, and economically strong.

Importance of Urban Planning

As more people move to cities, it’s important to plan how the city will grow. Without good planning, cities could face problems like a lack of housing, poor infrastructure, and social inequality. Infrastructure includes basic services like roads, water supply, and electricity. Good urban planning ensures that cities can support their growing populations and provide everyone with equal access to services.

Investment Needs for Growing Cities

For cities to grow properly, large investments are required. It’s estimated that Africa needs around $130 billion every year just for building infrastructure. However, this spending can pay off, with each dollar invested bringing back up to $4 in economic benefits.

Governments can’t always fund these projects by themselves, so they need to look for new ways to raise money. Some of these options include:

Public-private partnerships: When the government works with private companies to share the costs and benefits of development.

Development finance: Loans and funding from international organisations that focus on helping countries grow.

Green bonds: Special loans meant for environmentally friendly projects.

Impact investing: Investments made by people or companies that want both financial returns and positive social impact.

Crowdfunding: Raising small amounts of money from a large number of people.

These financing methods are important to gather enough resources to fund the urban growth of Africa.

Mobilising Resources for City Growth

A strong, coordinated effort is needed to raise the necessary resources for city development. Governments must create systems that clearly show how public money is being used, and make sure that investments match the needs of local governments. This is called following the subsidiarity principle, which means that decisions should be made as close as possible to the people they affect.

Housing Policies and Climate Resilience

Development banks and financial institutions are being encouraged to create housing policies that help low-income families. At the same time, there is a focus on making cities climate-resilient. This means cities need to be prepared for climate change by both mitigating (reducing the causes of climate change) and adapting (adjusting to its effects).

As cities grow quickly in Africa, they also become more vulnerable to climate change. Cities are called climate hotspots because they face higher risks from extreme weather events like floods, heatwaves, and storms. These risks can affect people’s jobs, homes, and access to basic services like water and electricity.

The Africa Urban Forum was created to address both the challenges and opportunities of urbanisation. It aims to develop ways for governments to work together, across the continent, to make the most of urban growth. By doing so, African countries can diversify their economies and build sustainable, resilient cities.

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ICA General Assembly and the Global Cooperative Conference 2024

Latest News International: 11th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

The International Cooperative Alliance (ICA) is set to hold its General Assembly and Global Cooperative Conference in India for the first time in 130 years, from November 25-30, 2024. The event theme, “Cooperatives Build Prosperity for All,” aligns with Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s vision of “Sahkar se Samriddhi,” which translates to prosperity through cooperation. This important event will also mark the beginning of the UN International Year of Cooperatives in 2025.

Significance of the Event

This conference is a big deal for India because it will help boost its position in the global cooperative movement. Cooperatives in India will showcase their products and services in a special marketplace called a ‘Haat,’ designed to look like traditional Indian villages. To commemorate the event, a special stamp will also be released for the International Year of Cooperatives.

Leadership and Vision

Under Prime Minister Modi’s leadership and Home Minister Amit Shah’s guidance, India has made great strides in the cooperative sector. A special Ministry of Cooperation was created to help cooperative businesses grow and succeed. So far, 54 new initiatives have been launched, highlighting that India is home to one-quarter of the world’s cooperatives.

Progress in the Cooperative Sector

Significant improvements have been made, including new guidelines for Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS). India has also created three new national cooperatives:

• National Cooperative Organics Ltd. (NCOL)

• National Cooperative Exports Ltd. (NCEL)

• Bharatiya Beej Sahkari Samiti Ltd. (BBSSL)

These efforts show that India is leading the global cooperative movement.

The conference will be carbon neutral, meaning efforts will be made to reduce and balance the environmental impact. IFFCO’s subsidiary, IFFDC, has played a key role in earning carbon credits. As part of the environmental efforts, 10,000 Peepal trees will be planted to show the cooperative movement’s commitment to sustainability.

Global Participation

The event will attract key global leaders, including the Prime Minister of Bhutan and representatives from the United Nations. Around 1,500 important guests from over 100 countries will attend, showing the global significance of cooperatives in tackling challenges like climate change and social equality.

About the International Cooperative Alliance (ICA)

The ICA, founded in 1895, is a global organization that represents cooperatives and promotes values like self-help, democracy, and equality. It has members in over 100 countries and is headquartered in Brussels. In 1966, the ICA established Cooperative Principles, which are still followed today. Every year, the ICA celebrates the International Day of Cooperatives on the first Saturday of July. Their long-term plan, called the “Blueprint for a Cooperative Decade,” aims to strengthen the global cooperative movement, focusing on reducing poverty and improving social welfare.

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NASA’s Europa Clipper Mission

Latest News International: 11th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

NASA has officially approved the launch of the Europa Clipper mission, which is scheduled to take off on October 10, 2024. This decision comes after a successful review of the spacecraft’s design to ensure it can handle intense radiation. The announcement was made on September 10, addressing previous concerns about the spacecraft’s electronics.

Launch Details

The Europa Clipper mission has a budget of $5 billion and will be launched aboard a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket. The mission must be launched within a specific three-week period to ensure the spacecraft can reach Jupiter using gravity assists from Mars and Earth. This carefully timed launch is crucial for the spacecraft to follow its planned trajectory.

Earlier concerns about the spacecraft’s electronics involved the reliability of its transistors, which could be affected by radiation. To address these concerns, NASA conducted additional testing to see how radiation might degrade the transistors and impact the spacecraft’s performance.

Testing & Confidence

Over the past four months, NASA teams rigorously tested the spacecraft’s systems to ensure everything would work correctly. Project manager Jordan Evans confirmed that the team is confident in their ability to complete the mission successfully, having addressed all major concerns.

Mission Objectives

The main goal of the Europa Clipper mission is to investigate whether the ocean beneath Europa’s icy surface could support life. The spacecraft will conduct 49 flybys of Europa, coming as close as 16 miles (25 kilometers) to the moon’s surface. It will use advanced instruments to map and analyze Europa’s icy shell.

Journey to Jupiter

The spacecraft’s journey to Jupiter will take about six years. Once it arrives, it will perform close flybys every three weeks to collect important data about Europa. This data will help scientists understand if Europa has the right conditions for life.

About Europa Clipper

The Europa Clipper is a NASA mission designed to explore Jupiter’s moon Europa. It is set to launch in the 2020s, with the spacecraft expected to arrive in the 2030s. The mission will carry 10 scientific instruments to study the thickness of Europa’s ice shell and search for organic compounds that could indicate the presence of life. Europa’s subsurface ocean makes it a key target for astrobiology research. The mission will focus on remote sensing and detailed analysis of Europa’s surface to assess its potential for habitability.

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Barakah Nuclear Energy Plant

Latest News International: 10th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has achieved a major milestone with the completion of the Barakah Nuclear Energy Plant, which is the first nuclear power facility in the Arab world. This is an important step for the UAE as it works to diversify its energy sources and improve its energy security.

Location and Structure

The Barakah Nuclear Energy Plant is located in Al Dhafra, about 53 km from Ruwais in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. The plant is made up of four nuclear reactors and will play a big role in supplying electricity to the region.

Energy Production and Impact

Once the plant is fully operational, it will provide 25% of the UAE’s electricity needs. This amount of electricity is equal to what the entire country of New Zealand uses in a year. The plant will support industries that use a lot of energy, such as oil production, steel manufacturing, and aluminum production.

Environmental Goals

The UAE’s President, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, has said that this project is an important part of the UAE’s efforts to reach net zero emissions. The Barakah Plant is a key part of the country’s overall strategy to ensure energy sustainability and security.

The Barakah Plant is just one part of the UAE’s larger plan to use more renewable energy. By the year 2050, the UAE aims to get 50% of its electricity from clean energy sources, showing the country’s move towards more sustainable energy practices.

About the Barakah Nuclear Energy Plant

The Barakah Nuclear Energy Plant is the first nuclear power plant in the Arab world. It consists of four reactors, each capable of producing 1,400 megawatts of electricity. Construction started in 2012, and the first reactor was connected to the UAE’s electricity grid in 2020. The plant is operated by the Emirates Nuclear Energy Corporation and will supply 25% of the UAE’s electricity. It also uses the latest safety technologies and is part of the UAE’s plan to reduce carbon emissions and depend less on fossil fuels for energy.

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Australia Recognizes 750 New Species, Including Laughing Frog

Latest News International: 10th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

Australia’s National Species List has been updated with 750 newly recognized species, reflecting the country’s rich biodiversity. Some notable new additions include a frog that sounds like it’s laughing, a marine worm named after Sir David Attenborough, and a spider inspired by Tom Hardy’s character, Venom.

Key Discoveries

Western Laughing Tree Frog (Litoria ridibunda): This frog is special because it makes a laughing sound instead of the usual croak that frogs are known for.

David Attenborough Worm (Marphysa davidattenboroughi): A colorful, glowing marine worm that has been named in honor of Sir David Attenborough, the famous nature documentary host.

Cracking-Clay Pilbara Planigale (Planigale tealei): This tiny marsupial, which looks a bit like a shrew, has adapted to live in the clay habitats of the Pilbara region.

What is Taxonomy?

Taxonomy is the science of classifying and naming organisms. Taxonomists study an animal or plant’s physical traits, behavior, and genetics to decide if it is a new species. In Australia, 70% of native species are still unnamed, which means there is a lot of work left to do in discovering and understanding the wildlife.

Australia’s Unique Biodiversity

Australia is known for its incredible biodiversity. It is home to over 150,000 native species, many of which are not found anywhere else in the world. However, only about two new species are officially named each day because there is still so much unexplored wildlife.

Working with Indigenous communities is important for learning more about Australia’s wildlife. Indigenous people have a deep understanding of the land and its animals, and their knowledge can help scientists discover new species that Western science has not yet studied.

The Australian Biological Resources Study provides funding to help scientists find and describe new species. In the 2024-25 period, $2 million will be distributed across 14 projects. These projects will focus on identifying species like frogs and orb-weaving spiders.

Invertebrates and Plants

Most of the newly recognized species are invertebrates (animals without backbones, like insects and worms), but new plants are also being discovered. One example is the Eremophila saxatilis, a flowering shrub that helps deepen our understanding of Australia’s plant life.

Taxonomic research and wildlife surveys will continue to reveal more of Australia’s hidden biodiversity. Using advanced techniques and involving the public in citizen science projects will help uncover even more unique species in the future.

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NASA’s DART Mission May Create First Human-Made Meteor Shower

Latest News International: 10th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

NASA’s DART mission made history by successfully crashing a spacecraft into the asteroid moonlet Dimorphos. This marked a major step forward in protecting Earth from possible asteroid impacts by testing ways to change the direction of threatening space objects.

What is Dimorphids: The First Human-Made Meteor Shower?

As a result of the DART mission’s impact, debris from Dimorphos has been scattered into space. Scientists believe that more than 2 million pounds of this material could eventually reach Earth and Mars. If this happens, it could create a meteor shower, known as the “Dimorphids,” in the next 10 to 30 years, leading to periodic meteor displays.

NASA’s DART Mission Explained

The Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) was launched in 2021 as NASA’s first attempt to move an asteroid from its path. The idea behind the mission was to see if a spacecraft could deflect an asteroid by crashing into it—this technique is called “kinetic impact.” DART’s goal was to show that this method could be used to protect Earth from potential asteroid threats in the future.

The DART mission was a success. The spacecraft hit Dimorphos and managed to shorten its orbit around the larger asteroid Didymos by 33 minutes. This was a major victory, as it proved that using a spacecraft to change an asteroid’s path is possible. It is the first time humans have intentionally changed the movement of a celestial body.

The Impact on Dimorphos

The impact of DART not only changed Dimorphos’ orbit but also altered its shape. It now resembles a ‘triaxial ellipsoid,’ meaning its form became more stretched and irregular. This suggests that the asteroid underwent significant geological changes as a result of the collision.

Dimorphos was selected for the mission because it is relatively close to Earth and has a size similar to other asteroids that might pose a threat in the future. It is part of a two-asteroid system with Didymos. Importantly, neither Dimorphos nor Didymos is on a collision course with Earth, making it a safe target for testing.

Significance of Asteroid Deflection

The success of the DART mission shows that asteroid deflection is a real possibility. By proving that kinetic impact can change an asteroid’s course, the mission has provided humanity with a tool to defend Earth against potential asteroid collisions, improving planetary safety.

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How Olympic Rings On Eiffel Tower Turned Into Political Battle In France

Latest News International: 09th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

The display of Olympic rings on the Eiffel Tower has ignited a political controversy in France. Critics argue that the installation, meant to celebrate Paris's upcoming Olympics, is a misuse of the iconic monument. The debate underscores tensions over public symbolism and the intersection of national pride with international events, reflecting broader discussions about France's role on the global stage.

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As Gaza War Rages, Netanyahu Rival Calls Iran, Hezbollah "Real Issues"

Latest News International: 09th September 2024

As the Gaza war continues, a prominent rival of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has called attention to Iran and Hezbollah as the "real issues." The statement highlights ongoing concerns about regional security and strategic threats beyond the immediate Gaza conflict. The remarks add to the complex political and security landscape in the Middle East.

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India Reviews Trade Agreement With Malaysia

Latest News International: 08th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

India is reviewing its trade agreement with Malaysia because the trade deficit has significantly increased over time. A trade deficit means India is buying more goods from Malaysia than it is selling to them. In 2011, this deficit was $2.6 billion, but by the fiscal year 2024 (FY24), it has grown to an estimated $5.5 billion. This has raised concerns about the balance of trade between the two countries.

What is the India-Malaysia Trade Agreement?

India and Malaysia signed the India-Malaysia Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA) in 2011. This agreement was designed to boost trade by making it easier for the two countries to buy and sell goods, services, and investments. It also includes provisions for the movement of people between the countries, especially for business and trade purposes. The goal was to strengthen economic ties and increase trade, but the growing trade deficit has led India to reconsider some of the terms. Both nations are important trading partners—India is Malaysia’s 10th largest, while Malaysia ranks 14th for India. The agreement also serves as a strategic counterbalance to China’s growing influence in the region.

Increasing Trade Deficit

India imports a lot more from Malaysia than it exports. India’s major exports to Malaysia include petroleum products, buffalo meat, and aluminium. However, the key things India imports from Malaysia include vegetable oils, electrical machinery, and chemicals. The large amount of imports, particularly essential items like vegetable oil, is a major reason for the growing trade deficit.

‘Rules of Origin’

As part of the trade review, India is focusing on something called ‘rules of origin’. These rules help determine where a product is made and whether it qualifies for certain tax benefits under the agreement. By adjusting these rules, India hopes to make it easier for Indian products to be integrated into global supply chains, which could help reduce the trade deficit by promoting more exports.

What are Non-Tariff Barriers?

Non-tariff barriers are rules or regulations that make it difficult for one country to export goods to another, even if there aren’t high taxes on those goods. India’s commerce department is identifying these barriers in Malaysia, such as strict sanitary and phytosanitary standards (rules for food safety and plant/animal health). By addressing these issues, India hopes to increase the competitiveness of its exporters.

The Indian government plans to talk with various industry stakeholders—businesses and exporters—about the challenges they face when trading with Malaysia. These consultations will help the government understand what changes are needed to improve the trade relationship and ensure that the agreement works better for Indian businesses.

The review of the trade agreement may open new opportunities for Indian exports, especially in sectors like petrochemicals, plastics, and pharmaceuticals. However, experts warn that changing the agreement might not significantly reduce India’s imports of essential goods like palm oil and electronics, which are key imports from Malaysia.

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India, EU Strengthen Defence Ties in Indo-Pacific Initiative

Latest News International: 08th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

In September 2024, a group of high-level Indian officials visited Europe for three days to strengthen defence cooperation between India and the European Union (EU). Their main focus was on building better military partnerships and improving how they work together to handle security challenges. These challenges are across different areas like the sea (maritime), land, and cyberspace.

Objectives of the Visit

The EU delegation to India helped arrange this visit. It included officials from India’s Defence Ministry and the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA). The purpose was to understand the EU’s security and defence systems, particularly its Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). The CSDP focuses on the EU’s missions, including in important regions like the Indo-Pacific, where both India and the EU have shared interests.

Maritime Security Collaboration

Maritime security, which means keeping sea routes safe, is a major concern for both India and the EU. Ambassador Hervé Delphin highlighted how both sides are committed to working together, particularly through the operations of the EU Naval Force (NAVFOR) and the Indian Navy. These operations, especially in the Indian Ocean, help ensure that international sea routes stay free and follow agreed rules, making trade and travel safer.

Importance of the Indo-Pacific Region

The Indo-Pacific is a key area because of its economic importance and the large number of ships that pass through it. This region connects countries through trade and is a focus for both India’s and the EU’s defence strategies. By working together in the Indo-Pacific, both India and the EU aim to keep the region stable and tackle common security threats.

Engagement with EU Institutions

During their visit, Indian officials had meetings with important EU institutions, such as the European External Action Service and the European Maritime Security Agency. They talked about how they could work together in areas like maritime security, with a particular focus on involving the Indian Coast Guard.

One of the highlights of the visit was a tour of the headquarters for the EUNAVFOR ATALANTA Operation in Spain. This operation focuses on maritime security in the Horn of Africa and the Western Indian Ocean, giving Indian officials a chance to understand how the EU operates in these regions.

India and the EU have already worked together on joint operations. For example, in August 2023, the EUNAVFOR flagship (a leading EU ship) conducted joint operations with India’s INS Visakhapatnam (a destroyer), showing how both sides are committed to closer military cooperation in the Indo-Pacific.

Facts About the European Union

• The European Union (EU) started as the European Economic Community in 1957.

• Today, the EU has 27 member states.

• The EU flag shows a circle of 12 stars, representing unity.

• The EU introduced the euro in 1999, now used by 19 countries.

• The EU’s court system, the Court of Justice, was founded in 1952.

• The Schengen Area allows passport-free travel between 22 EU countries.

• The European Parliament is directly elected, with the first election held in 1979.

• Each member state takes turns holding the EU presidency.

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Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC)

Latest News International: 07th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

Chinese President Xi Jinping announced that China would provide $51 billion to help African countries during the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC). The money will be used to support 30 major infrastructure projects, which could include building roads, bridges, power plants, and other critical facilities in African countries. This decision reflects China’s current economic strategy as it faces challenges at home and wants to continue its strong relationship with Africa.

What is FOCAC?

The Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) was created in 2000 to strengthen the partnership between China and African countries. It is a meeting that happens every three years, sometimes held in China and sometimes in an African country. Currently, 53 African nations, except for Eswatini, are part of this forum. The African Union Commission is also involved, helping to guide discussions and plans for the future.

Significance of FOCAC

FOCAC is an essential platform where African leaders can directly discuss important political and economic matters with China. It helps both sides agree on joint projects and actions for the future. The 2024 FOCAC summit, themed “Joining Hands to Advance Modernization and Build a High-Level China-Africa Community with a Shared Future,” aims to outline how the two regions can collaborate better in the coming years.

Evolution of China-Africa Relations

China’s involvement with Africa started in the 1950s when it supported African countries’ fight for independence from colonial powers. One of its major contributions was building the Tanzania-Zambia railway in the 1970s. Over the years, China became Africa’s biggest trading partner, with trade volumes reaching $282 billion in 2023. This trade mostly involves raw materials from Africa and manufactured goods from China.

Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)

Africa is a key player in China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), which seeks to create new economic and cultural ties between countries, similar to the ancient Silk Road. In the last decade, China has spent over $120 billion on African infrastructure projects through the BRI.

Concerns and Criticisms

While China’s investments in Africa are significant, some critics argue that they lead to ‘debt trap diplomacy.’ This means that some African countries struggle to repay the loans, raising concerns that China might use the debt to gain control over assets. However, some people believe that these problems are more related to how African governments handle their finances rather than a deliberate strategy by China.

FOCAC 2024’s Significance

The 2024 FOCAC summit will be very important as China tries to deal with a slowing economy after the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as loan defaults from countries like Zambia and Ghana. China may focus more on smaller projects and green technologies, while African countries will likely ask for more loans despite their existing debt challenges.

China presents itself as a developing country, like many African nations, and often highlights its shared experience of opposing Western colonialism. This message is well received by African leaders, even though there are still concerns about the balance of trade and dependency on Chinese investments.

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World Experiences Hottest Northern Hemisphere Summer

Latest News International: 07th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

The Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) has announced that the summer of 2024 was the hottest ever recorded in the northern hemisphere, from June to August. This surpassed the previous record set last year. The rising temperatures are a result of ongoing global warming trends, driven by human activities.

Key Findings

• The summer of 2023 is officially the warmest summer ever recorded globally.

• Experts predict that 2024 could be even hotter than 2023.

• Over the last three months, temperature records were broken, including the hottest single day and the hottest boreal (northern) summer.

Causes of Climate Change

The main cause of climate change is human activity, particularly the burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas. This releases greenhouse gases that trap heat in the atmosphere.

The El Niño phenomenon, a natural climate pattern, has also contributed to the rising temperatures. However, there are signs that this may shift towards La Niña, which typically brings cooler conditions.

Impact on Weather Patterns

Extreme weather events, such as floods and droughts, are becoming more frequent and severe because of climate change.

• Sudan is experiencing severe flooding.

• Italy is facing long periods of drought.

• Typhoon Gaemi was intensified by climate factors, leading to significant casualties in the Philippines, Taiwan, and China.

Global Temperature Trends

According to C3S data, which tracks climate patterns since 1940, the summer of 2024 was the hottest since records began in the pre-industrial era (1850).

Even though La Niña may bring some temporary cooling, the ocean’s surface temperatures remain unusually high, particularly in August.

Experts are urging immediate action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. If emissions continue at their current rate, extreme weather events will become more frequent and severe, posing serious risks to ecosystems, human communities, and the planet as a whole.

About Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S)

C3S is part of the European Union’s Copernicus Programme, which started in 2015. It provides important data about climate change by using satellite observations. C3S supports over 7,000 users worldwide and helps policymakers make informed decisions to adapt to climate change. It also partners with leading research institutions in Europe and publishes an annual report called the European State of the Climate.

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Andaman and Nicobar Islands Integrated Development Corporation (ANIIDCO)

Latest News International: 07th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands Integrated Development Corporation (ANIIDCO) is managing a massive ₹72,000 crore infrastructure project on Great Nicobar Island. This includes building a large trans-shipment port, an airport, tourist facilities, and solar and gas power plants. While this project promises to boost development, it has raised concerns about environmental protection and whether ANIIDCO, a relatively unknown government agency, is equipped to handle such a large undertaking.

What is ANIIDCO?

ANIIDCO has been playing a vital role in promoting economic development in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands since its establishment in 1978. The agency focuses on sectors like tourism, agriculture, and fisheries. It also runs several eco-tourism projects aimed at preserving the unique environment of the islands. By supporting local businesses and sustainable development, ANIIDCO contributes significantly to the region’s economy while working to protect its natural beauty.

Financial Performance

In the last three years, ANIIDCO has made an average annual revenue of ₹370 crore and a profit of ₹35 crore. Many people are questioning whether the agency can handle a project as large and complex as this one, given its relatively modest financial track record.

Concerns About Capability

When ANIIDCO was chosen to lead this project in July 2020, it did not have a clear environmental policy or enough skilled workers to handle the project. It only started hiring specialists in late 2022, revealing a significant delay between the start of the project and the agency’s readiness to execute it properly.

Environmental Oversight Issues

In May 2021, the Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) raised questions about ANIIDCO’s ability to manage environmental responsibilities. Even though ANIIDCO admitted it did not have an environmental policy, the EAC still approved its request for environmental clearance in November 2022. This has raised concerns about whether proper oversight was conducted.

Conflict of Interest Concerns

There have been allegations that ANIIDCO is self-certifying its environmental assessments because the agency’s managing director was also the Secretary for Environment and Forests at the time. This overlap of roles has led to worries about potential conflicts of interest, which could affect the fairness of the environmental reviews.

Historical Perspectives

Some past administrators have expressed doubts about ANIIDCO’s ability to manage such a huge project. Lt Gen A.K. Singh acknowledged ANIIDCO’s potential but insisted that outside experts should be brought in to help. Similarly, former Chief Secretary Sanat Kaul suggested that the entire organisation needed to be restructured to be more effective in handling large-scale development projects.

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US, EU, UK Set to Sign Historic AI Treaty

Latest News International: 07th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

The United States, European Union, and United Kingdom are preparing to sign a new and important treaty called the Council of Europe Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy, and the Rule of Law. This treaty will be the first international agreement that sets legal rules for how AI technology should be developed and used, making sure that AI systems respect human rights and democratic values.

Significance of this treaty

This treaty is significant because it focuses on protecting human rights while also creating a unified approach for many countries. Without such a treaty, different nations could create their own, possibly conflicting rules for AI, which could slow down the development of technology. By having a common set of guidelines, the treaty helps ensure that AI advances safely and fairly.

How was the treaty developed?

The treaty was created over two years, with representatives from more than 50 countries contributing. It uses a “risk-based framework,” which means it looks at how risky an AI system is and sets rules accordingly. The treaty covers both government and private sector use of AI, and it holds those who use AI accountable if the technology harms people or violates rights like privacy or equality.

What are the main goals of the treaty?

The treaty has three key goals:

• Protect human rights in how AI is used.

• Safeguard democracy, ensuring AI doesn’t interfere with fair political processes.

• Provide legal support for anyone whose rights are violated by AI systems.

What must countries do after they sign the treaty?

Once countries sign the treaty, they must make sure that:

• AI systems used in their countries respect human rights.

• AI does not harm democratic systems.

There are protections in place for people’s freedoms throughout the entire life of an AI system, from creation to use.

The treaty does not fully cover national security and certain research activities. However, both public and private organizations are still responsible for managing any AI-related risks in their operations.

Relate to other AI regulations

This treaty is one part of a broader effort to regulate AI globally. It aligns with other regulatory initiatives like the G7 accord on AI and the European AI Act. These efforts aim to create international standards for AI technology so that its development is safe, fair, and transparent.

While the treaty is legally binding, it doesn’t include strict enforcement tools like fines. Instead, countries will be monitored for their compliance, but there’s no strong punishment if they don’t follow the rules. This raises questions about how effectively the treaty will hold countries accountable.

Around ten countries are expected to be the first to sign the treaty, showing a commitment to responsible AI development. These nations will continue working together in international discussions to ensure AI is used in a way that benefits everyone.

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Bangladesh won't turn into Afghanistan: Muhammad Yunus's message to India

Latest News International: 06th September 2024

Nobel laureate Muhammad Yunus has reassured India that Bangladesh will not experience a situation similar to Afghanistan's. Yunus's message aims to dispel concerns about regional stability and political developments in Bangladesh. His statement emphasizes the country's commitment to maintaining its unique path and stability amidst regional uncertainties.

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2024 Chief Science Advisers Roundtable in Paris

Latest News International: 06th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

The 2024 Chief Science Advisers’ Roundtable (CSAR) is an important event happening on September 6, 2024, at UNESCO’s headquarters in Paris. It is supported by the Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India and UNESCO’s Natural Sciences Sector. This roundtable brings together top science advisors from around the world to discuss and improve global science policies.

How did CSAR Begin?

CSAR started during India’s G20 Presidency in 2023. The main goal was to create stronger international frameworks for scientific advice, meaning better ways for countries to share and use scientific knowledge to make informed decisions.

Global Participation

This year’s event will include delegations from 28 countries and six international organizations. These delegations will be led by Chief Science Advisers (CSA) or people with similar roles. It’s a global gathering aimed at improving how countries work together in the field of science.

Central Theme

The main theme for 2024 is “Fostering open science, bridging knowledge asymmetry, and building science advice capacity globally.” This means the event will focus on:

• Making scientific knowledge open and accessible to everyone (open science).

• Reducing gaps in knowledge between different countries or groups (knowledge asymmetry).

• Strengthening the ability of countries to give reliable and useful science advice.

Who will Lead the Event?

Two key figures will co-chair the event:

• Ajay Kumar Sood, the Principal Scientific Adviser to India.

• Lidia Brito, UNESCO’s Assistant Director-General for Natural Sciences.

Together, they will guide the discussions and ensure that the event stays focused on the key themes.

A major part of the event is the knowledge session, which will focus on how science advisory systems can help build trust in science. This session will allow experts to discuss ways to improve how science advice is provided to the public and policymakers.

Collaboration and Future Goals

The 2024 CSAR aims to continue building international cooperation in science advisory practices. South Africa is expected to lead future efforts, which will focus on closing knowledge gaps, promoting open science, and improving how science advice is shared globally.

The 2024 CSAR is a key event that promotes global cooperation, transparency in science, and better ways for countries to share and use scientific knowledge. It will play a crucial role in shaping the future of international science policies.

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Vladimir Putin says India, China, Brazil could mediate Russia-Ukraine talks

Latest News International: 05th September 2024

Russian President Vladimir Putin has proposed that India, China, and Brazil could play a role in mediating talks between Russia and Ukraine. Putin's suggestion reflects a strategic move to involve neutral and influential nations in resolving the ongoing conflict. The proposal aims to garner broader international support for negotiations and highlights the shifting dynamics in global diplomacy concerning the Russia-Ukraine war.

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Tulsi Gabbard says Biden administration placed her on ‘secret terror watchlist’ after she criticised Kamala Harris

Latest News International: 05th September 2024

Former Congresswoman Tulsi Gabbard has alleged that the Biden administration placed her on a "secret terror watchlist" following her criticism of Vice President Kamala Harris. Gabbard's claim highlights ongoing tensions and controversies surrounding political dissent and government surveillance. The allegation has sparked a debate about freedom of expression and the potential for political retribution.

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Indian Navy’s P8i Aircraft Lands in France for Varuna Exercise

Latest News International: 05th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

For the first time, an Indian Navy P8i Poseidon aircraft has landed at Air Base 125 Istres-Le Tube in France. This is a significant event, happening as part of India’s participation in the bilateral naval exercise ‘Varuna,’ which is scheduled to take place from September 2 to September 4, 2024, in the Mediterranean Sea.

Objective of Exercise Varuna

The main goal of Exercise Varuna is to conduct advanced tactical drills that help the Indian and French navies work better together. These drills include a variety of complex maritime maneuvers designed to enhance cooperation and coordination between the two naval forces.

Historical Significance

The landing of the P8i Poseidon in France is historically significant because it marks the first time in 63 years that an Indian Navy aircraft has operated from a French airbase. The last time this happened was when the Indian Navy’s Alize aircraft operated from Hyeres Airbase. This event highlights the strong and long-standing naval relationship between India and France.

The P8i Poseidon Aircraft

The P8i Poseidon is a specialized aircraft designed for maritime patrol and reconnaissance missions. It was developed by Boeing Defence and is based on the Boeing 737-800 aircraft. Since being introduced into the Indian Navy in 2013, the P8i Poseidon has flown over 35,000 hours. It plays a vital role in coastal patrolling, monitoring the seas, fighting against submarines, and conducting search-and-rescue missions.

Indian Navy’s Participation

In addition to the P8i Poseidon, the Indian Navy’s warship INS Tabar has also arrived in Toulon, France, to take part in the Varuna exercise. This demonstrates the strong engagement and cooperation between the Indian and French navies.

History of Exercise Varuna

Exercise Varuna began in 1993 and was officially named ‘Varuna’ in 2001. Over the years, it has become an important part of the strategic relationship between India and France. The exercise typically includes a range of naval assets, such as guided missile frigates, tankers, maritime patrol aircraft, and helicopters from both countries. These joint exercises allow both navies to share best practices and improve their operational interactions, making them better prepared to work together in real-world situations.

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Russia To Revise Nuclear Doctrine Over Actions Of The "Collective West"

Latest News International: 04th September 2024

Russia has announced plans to revise its nuclear doctrine, citing actions by the "collective West" as a key factor in this decision. The move reflects growing geopolitical tensions and concerns about security threats from Western nations. The updated doctrine will outline new strategies and policies for Russia's nuclear arsenal, emphasizing the country's stance on international relations and defense priorities.

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UN Allocates $100 Million For Urgent Humanitarian Needs

Latest News International: 03rd September 2024, UPSC Preparation

The United Nations has recently allocated $100 million from its Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF) to help address urgent humanitarian needs in ten countries facing severe crises. This decision highlights the pressing need for funding, as noted by UN humanitarian chief Joyce Msuya.

How Is the Funding Distributed?

The $100 million is divided among several countries facing different challenges:

Yemen ($20 million): Dealing with a long-lasting civil war.

Ethiopia ($15 million): Struggling with internal conflict and ethnic tensions.

Myanmar ($12 million), Mali ($11 million), Burkina Faso ($10 million), Haiti ($9 million): These countries are dealing with ongoing conflicts and climate-related problems.

Cameroon ($7 million) and Mozambique ($7 million): Both countries are facing chronic instability.

Burundi ($5 million) and Malawi ($4 million): Experiencing severe food shortages due to climate issues.

Historical Context

This $100 million allocation is the second of its kind in 2024, with the first one made in February. Over the last three years, the total amount of CERF funding has decreased. This shows a growing gap between the increasing humanitarian needs and the available resources.

Global Humanitarian Needs

The global humanitarian community has requested $49 billion this year to help 187 million people. However, only 29% of this amount has been provided so far, leaving a $35 billion shortfall. Some of the current funding supports climate-related initiatives through CERF’s Climate Action Account, which was introduced at COP28. This account focuses on addressing climate emergencies by funding proactive measures and resilience projects.

CERF’s Impact and Goals

Since it started in 2005, CERF has distributed $9.3 billion to help millions of people in over 110 countries. Of this, $3.2 billion has gone to underfunded crises. CERF is crucial for quick humanitarian responses and aims to raise $1 billion annually for its efforts.

About the United Nations

The United Nations (UN) was created in 1945 after World War II to promote peace and cooperation. It has 193 member countries and six official languages, with its headquarters in New York City. The UN’s budget is mainly funded by contributions from its member states. It has five main organs, including the General Assembly and the Security Council. The UN conducts peacekeeping missions, with its first mission starting in 1948. Specialized agencies like UNICEF and WHO are part of the UN system. UN Day is celebrated on October 24, and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by the UN in 1948.

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Greece Declares Emergency over Massive Flood of Dead Fish

Latest News International: 02nd September 2024, UPSC Preparation

The port city of Volos in Greece has declared a month-long state of emergency. This is because an unusually large number of dead fish have washed up in the Pagasetic Gulf, creating a major problem for residents and businesses.

Cause of the Crisis

The dead fish issue began after severe flooding hit the Thessaly region last year. The floods caused a nearby lake to overflow. As a result, freshwater fish from the lake were carried into the sea, where they couldn’t survive in the salty water, leading to their deaths.

Impact on Local Economy

The local economy, especially businesses related to tourism and hospitality, has suffered greatly. Visitor numbers have dropped by 80% since the flooding, which has caused financial difficulties for many residents and businesses in Volos. People are worried about their jobs and income because fewer tourists are coming to the city.

To address the situation, the Greek climate ministry is providing funding and resources for cleaning up the mess. They have placed special nets at the mouths of rivers to catch dead fish before they reach the beaches. Authorities have already removed a large amount of dead fish from local beaches.

Environmental Concerns

This is not the first environmental problem Volos has faced. It is the second major environmental disaster for the city, prompting public prosecutors to investigate the situation. They are looking into how this incident affects the environment and what it means for the future.

The situation in Volos shows how serious environmental issues can have far-reaching effects on both nature and local economies. It highlights the need for better preparedness and response to climate-related disasters to protect communities and their livelihoods.

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3rd Edition of India-U.S. Defence Acceleration Ecosystem (INDUS-X)

Latest News International: 02nd September 2024, UPSC Preparation

The INDUS-X Summit is a major event where leaders from India and the United States come together to talk about new ideas and technologies in the defense sector. The third edition of this summit is set to take place on September 9-10, 2024, at Stanford University in California. The goal of the summit is to strengthen the collaboration between the U.S. and India, especially in defense innovation.

What is the Purpose of the INDUS-X Summit?

The main purpose of the INDUS-X Summit is to provide a platform where top defense leaders from both countries can discuss how to improve cooperation in advanced technology and innovation. This collaboration is essential for developing new technologies that can be used in defense.

Key Participants

The summit will have many important participants, including prominent figures like former U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice. The event will also bring together policymakers, startups, venture capitalists (people who invest in new businesses), and academics from both India and the United States. This diverse group will work together to explore new opportunities for defense innovation.

Themes and Focus Areas

The theme for this year’s summit is “harnessing investment opportunities to enhance cross-border defense innovation ecosystems.” This means that a lot of attention will be given to how private investments (money from businesses and investors) can help drive innovation in defense technology.

Background of INDUS-X

The INDUS-X initiative started in June 2023 to build stronger partnerships in strategic technology and defense industries between the U.S. and India. This collaboration is seen as important for both countries to stay ahead in defense technology.

At the first INDUS-X Summit, Indian and U.S. startups from various fields, such as maritime, artificial intelligence (AI), autonomous systems, and space, displayed their cutting-edge technologies. These exhibits were particularly interesting to top defense officials.

The INDUS-X Tech Expo, which will be part of the summit, will feature the latest innovations in defense technology. This expo will help connect technology firms, government officials, and investors, all working together to advance defense capabilities.

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UN Calls for Urgent Action on Rising Sea Levels

Latest News International: 29th August 2024, UPSC Preparation

UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres visited Tonga to highlight a serious global issue—rising sea levels. He spoke at the Pacific Islands Forum, emphasizing how quickly sea levels are increasing and the dangers this poses, especially to low-lying nations like Tonga.

Understanding Rising Sea Levels

Rising sea levels mean that the ocean water is getting higher over time. This is happening faster than ever before, mainly because of climate change. The Pacific region, where Tonga is located, is seeing some of the fastest rises in sea levels, with some places experiencing rates more than twice the global average. The two main reasons for this are:

Warmer Oceans: As the ocean water gets warmer, it expands and takes up more space.

Melting Ice: Glaciers and ice sheets in places like Antarctica and Greenland are melting, adding more water to the oceans.

How Does This Affect Coastal Communities?

Rising sea levels have several harmful effects on communities living near the coast, including:

• More Storm Surges: Storms can push the higher ocean water onto the land, causing severe flooding.

• Coastal Flooding: Higher sea levels mean that coastal areas are more likely to flood, even without storms.

• Saltwater Intrusion: Seawater can seep into freshwater supplies, making it hard for people to get clean drinking water.

These problems threaten people’s homes, livelihoods, and the natural environment in vulnerable regions.

Guterres’ Call for Global Action

Guterres urged world leaders to act quickly to address this crisis. He emphasized four key actions:

Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions: These are the gases that contribute to global warming and climate change.

Phase Out Fossil Fuels: Fossil fuels, like coal and oil, are major sources of greenhouse gases.

Invest in Renewable Energy: Energy sources like solar and wind power don’t produce greenhouse gases.

Adapt to Climate Change: Since some effects of climate change are unavoidable, communities need to prepare for the impacts.

He stressed that we must limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius to avoid the worst consequences, such as the collapse of major ice sheets, which could cause even more rapid sea level rise.

Focus on G20 Countries

The Secretary-General pointed out that the G20 nations, which include the world’s largest economies, are responsible for 80% of global emissions. He said that without significant cuts in emissions from these countries, it will be impossible to keep global warming within safe limits, potentially leading to a dangerous increase beyond two degrees Celsius. Guterres also emphasized the need for more financial help for countries like Tonga that are most affected by rising sea levels. This support is crucial for helping these nations adapt to the changes and build resilience against future impacts.

(NNI / Latest news / Latest news india / India latest news/UPSC Preparation)

Australia Records Historic Winter Temperature of 41.6°C

Latest News International: 28th August 2024, UPSC Preparation

Australia recently recorded its hottest winter temperature ever, reaching 41.6°C (106.7°F) at Yampi Sound. This breaks the previous winter record by 0.4°C. It’s also the highest temperature ever recorded in August across the country. The previous winter record was 41.2°C (106.2°F), set in August 2020 at West Roebuck. In Australia, winter lasts from early June to late August, and extreme heat is common in desert areas year-round.

What Affects Australia’s Climate?

Australia’s climate is influenced by three main factors: temperatures in the Indian Ocean, the Southern Annular Mode (winds between Australia and Antarctica), and Pacific weather patterns like El Niño and La Niña. These factors cause varying weather across the country.

The Impact of Climate Change

Climate change is making temperatures rise faster in Australia, leading to more severe bushfires, floods, droughts, and heatwaves. Research from the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation shows that human-caused climate change is affecting these natural climate patterns. Globally, 2023 is expected to be Australia’s hottest winter ever. From January to July, temperatures were 0.7°C above the 1991-2020 average, and 2024 is likely to set new global temperature records. Australia’s recent temperature spikes highlight broader climate trends, raising concerns about the effects of human activity on the environment and natural climate systems.

Facts About Yampi Sound

• Yampi Sound is a narrow strait in Australia, separating the Yampi Peninsula from Western Australia’s mainland.

• The area has rich biodiversity and a pristine marine environment.

• Yampi Sound is part of the Buccaneer Archipelago, known for its dramatic tides and limestone cliffs.

• It was historically used for pearl diving.

• The sound has unique rock formations and is home to species that are found nowhere else.

• It serves as an important habitat for various marine life and migratory birds.

(NNI / Latest news / Latest news india / India latest news/UPSC Preparation)

Who is Pavel Durov, CEO of Telegram, Arrested in France?

Latest News International: 28th August 2024, UPSC Preparation

Pavel Durov, the co-founder and CEO of Telegram, was arrested at Le Bourget airport in Paris. His arrest is connected to an ongoing investigation in France. Authorities are looking into accusations that Telegram, due to its privacy features and lack of moderation, has allowed various illegal activities to occur on its platform. These activities include crimes like drug trafficking and cyberstalking, and the French government is concerned that Telegram isn’t doing enough to stop them or help law enforcement.

Who is Pavel Durov?

Pavel Durov was born in the Soviet Union and later studied at St. Petersburg University. He is well-known for creating the social media platform VKontakte (VK), which became very popular in Russia. However, when the Russian government asked him to hand over user data, he refused. This led him to leave Russia and, in 2013, he founded Telegram. His main focus with Telegram has always been on protecting user privacy and providing strong security features.

What makes Telegram Different?

Telegram is a messaging app that puts a lot of emphasis on user privacy. It uses advanced encryption to protect messages and allows users to participate in very large group chats. By 2024, the app had gained over 900 million users. One of the reasons for its popularity is that users can sync their chats across multiple devices, making it more convenient than other apps like WhatsApp.

Why is Telegram Facing Legal Issues?

The French government has raised concerns about how Telegram’s privacy features might be helping people commit crimes. Because Telegram is so focused on privacy, some people are using it to do illegal things, like drug trafficking and cyberstalking. Authorities also suspect that Telegram has been used to spread harmful content, such as child pornography. Pavel Durov’s refusal to fully cooperate with the investigation has put him and Telegram under more intense scrutiny.

What is Telegram’s Content Policy?

Telegram has always stated that it is committed to protecting user privacy. The company has a policy of removing illegal content when they are legally required to do so. However, Telegram is also firm about not engaging in censorship that is politically motivated. The platform aims to stay neutral and support free speech, meaning they try not to take sides in political matters.

What does this mean for tech companies worldwide?

Pavel Durov’s situation highlights a bigger issue that many tech companies are facing around the world. Governments are increasingly pressuring these companies to do more content moderation, but this often conflicts with the companies’ commitments to free speech and privacy. Other major tech companies like Meta (formerly Facebook) and X (formerly Twitter) are also dealing with similar challenges, as they try to balance following laws and protecting user rights.

(NNI / Latest news / Latest news india / India latest news/UPSC Preparation)

INS Mumbai to Make Maiden Visit to Colombo

Latest News International: 27th August 2024, UPSC Preparation

The Indian Naval Ship (INS) Mumbai is scheduled to visit Colombo, Sri Lanka, on August 26, 2024. This visit is important as it highlights the growing maritime cooperation between India and Sri Lanka and showcases India’s dedication to regional security and mutual assistance.

What is the Background of INS Mumbai?

INS Mumbai was commissioned on January 22, 2001, and is part of the Delhi-class destroyers, which are among the Indian Navy’s frontline warships. The deployment of INS Mumbai demonstrates India’s strong naval capabilities and readiness for operations.

What is the Purpose of the Visit?

The primary goal of this visit is to strengthen naval ties between India and Sri Lanka. One of the key activities during this visit is the delivery of essential spare parts for the Sri Lankan Air Force’s Dornier maritime patrol aircraft. Additionally, the Indian Navy has been actively involved in training Sri Lankan Air Force personnel to operate these aircraft, further enhancing the cooperation between the two countries. During its stay in Colombo, INS Mumbai will participate in various joint activities with the Sri Lankan Navy. These include familiarization tours for Sri Lankan naval personnel, sports events, yoga sessions, and beach cleaning initiatives. These activities are designed to foster goodwill and strengthen mutual understanding between the two naval forces.

Significance of Dornier Aircraft

The Dornier aircraft, which has been operational for two years, plays a crucial role in monitoring Sri Lanka’s maritime domain. Its enhanced surveillance capabilities are vital for the country’s national security, making it an important asset for the Sri Lankan Air Force.

Previous Interactions Between India and Sri Lanka

The visit of INS Mumbai follows several other Indian naval engagements in Sri Lanka throughout 2024. This includes visits from other Indian warships such as INS Kabra, Karanj, Kamorta, and Shalki, as well as vessels from the Indian Coast Guard. These interactions reflect the ongoing and deepening naval cooperation between the two nations in the region.

Significance of INS Mumbai’s Visit

The visit of INS Mumbai underscores the strategic partnership between India and Sri Lanka, promoting regional stability through joint naval initiatives and technical support. The visit is a clear indication of the strengthening ties between the two countries, particularly in the area of maritime security. INS Mumbai will conclude its visit and depart from Colombo on August 29, 2024.

Facts About INS Mumbai

• INS Mumbai is a powerful warship in the Indian Navy, part of the Kolkata-class destroyers.

• Commissioned in 2001, it has been in active service for decades.

• The ship is armed with advanced weapons, including BrahMos missiles, which are highly effective.

• It has a displacement of around 7,400 tons, meaning it’s quite large and heavy.

• INS Mumbai can move fast, reaching speeds of up to 30 knots (about 55 km/h).

• It features stealth technology, making it harder to detect by enemy radar.

• The ship has a modern combat management system that helps coordinate its operations.

• INS Mumbai took part in the Indo-Pakistani maritime exercise in 2020 and has been involved in international exercises like RIMPAC.

• The ship is named after Mumbai, India’s financial hub.

(NNI / Latest news / Latest news india / India latest news/UPSC Preparation)

India, and Indonesia Condemn Cross-Border Terrorism From Pakistan

Latest News International: 27th August 2024, UPSC Preparation

India and Indonesia recently criticized the use of terrorist groups to carry out attacks across borders, focusing on Pakistan’s support for terror groups targeting Jammu and Kashmir. This issue was discussed during the sixth meeting of the India-Indonesia joint working group on counter-terrorism in Jakarta.

What is Cross-Border Terrorism?

Cross-border terrorism happens when terrorist groups based in one country carry out attacks in another. This type of terrorism affects regional security and requires countries to work together internationally to tackle the problem.

Joint Working Group Meeting

At the sixth meeting of the India-Indonesia joint working group on counter-terrorism, held in Jakarta, the focus was on finding ways to work together to fight terrorism. The discussions included how terrorists are using new technologies to further their activities. Both India and Indonesia strongly condemned terrorism in all its forms and called for better international cooperation to tackle these threats effectively and thoroughly.

Focus Areas

Key topics included:

• The use of terrorist proxies for cross-border terrorism.

• Emerging technologies and their misuse by terrorists.

• Terror financing and its links to organized crime.

Use of Technology by Terrorists

The meeting also addressed concerns about how terrorists are using new technologies. This includes the misuse of the internet for carrying out terrorist activities and funding their operations. India and Indonesia agreed on the importance of sharing information about terrorism threats and working together more closely in regional and global forums like the United Nations and the ASEAN Regional Forum to improve counter-terrorism efforts.

Delegations

The Indian delegation was led by K D Dewal, the Joint Secretary (Counter-Terrorism) in the Ministry of External Affairs, while the Indonesian delegation was headed by Andhika Chrisnayudhanto, the Deputy for International Cooperation at the National Counter Terrorism Agency.

(NNI / Latest news / Latest news india / India latest news/UPSC Preparation)

North Korean leader Kim Jong Un unveils new ‘suicide drones’

Latest News: 26th August 2024

Suicide drones are explosive-carrying unmanned drones designed to be deliberately crashed into enemy targets, effectively acting as guided missiles.

(NNI / Latest news / Latest news india / India latest news/UPSC Preparation)

India, Ukraine Sign Agreements to Strengthen Bilateral Ties

Latest News: 25th August 2024, UPSC Preparation

India and Ukraine have taken a big step forward in their relationship by signing four important agreements. These agreements are designed to improve cooperation between the two countries in key areas like defence, trade, medicine, green energy, and education.

Bilateral Talks

Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy had important discussions where they both expressed a strong interest in upgrading their relationship from a general partnership to a more strategic alliance. While they did talk about the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict, they made sure to focus on the importance of strengthening ties between India and Ukraine.

Defence Cooperation

One of the key areas they focused on was defence. The leaders agreed to work together more closely on defence matters, including creating joint ventures to manufacture military equipment in India. This will help strengthen their strategic ties. Since the war in 2022, trade between India and Ukraine has decreased. To address this, Modi and Zelenskyy decided to task the India-Ukraine inter-governmental commission with revitalizing trade and bringing it back to the levels it was at before the conflict.

Sectoral Agreements

The four agreements that were signed cover various important sectors, including agriculture, the food industry, medicine, culture, and humanitarian assistance. Both countries want to enhance cooperation in these areas, with a special focus on trade, agriculture, and pharmaceuticals. The two leaders agreed to encourage more business interactions and explore joint projects. They also plan to make it easier for businesses to operate in each other’s countries by reducing trade barriers. Modi and Zelenskyy also talked about future collaborations in education, including the mutual recognition of educational qualifications and the possibility of opening branches of higher education institutions in both countries.

Global Security and Terrorism

Both India and Ukraine strongly condemned terrorism and reaffirmed their commitment to working together against extremism, following international laws. They also called for reforms in the United Nations Security Council to make it more effective. Modi invited Zelenskyy to visit India, showing a strong commitment to continuing to build this important relationship. Moving forward, both countries plan to focus on strengthening their collaboration across various sectors to promote mutual growth and security.

(NNI / Latest news / Latest news india / India latest news/UPSC Preparation)

India-Denmark Launch Smart Laboratory for Clean Rivers Initiative

Latest News International: 25th August 2024, UPSC Preparation

The Environmental Strategic Partnership between India and Denmark has launched the Smart Laboratory on Clean Rivers (SLCR) project to help restore the Varuna River. This project has received ₹16.8 crore from India’s Jal Shakti Ministry and an additional ₹5 crore from Denmark.

Objectives of the SLCR

The main goal of the SLCR is to improve the health of the river and boost the local economy and social conditions. This will be achieved using advanced technology and a detailed river management plan over the next 2 to 3 years. The SLCR will use special models to study how the river’s water moves and behaves. It will also use real-time monitoring tools and data visualization to help make better decisions about managing the river. Certain parts of the Varuna River will get specific treatments to enhance the river’s health and benefit the local communities economically and socially.

Hydrogeological Model for Recharge Sites

In the final phase of the project, a Hydrogeological Model will be developed for the Varuna Basin. This model will help find the best places for managed aquifer recharge using advanced techniques and mathematical models to figure out the best ways to recharge the groundwater. The SLCR is a great example of teamwork between India and Denmark. It highlights how important it is for government agencies, universities, and local communities to work together to find effective solutions for improving river water quality.

Facts About Varuna River

• The Varuna River flows through Varanasi in India and is a tributary of the Ganges.

• It is considered sacred in Hinduism and named after Varuna, the Vedic god of water.

• The river is about 45 kilometers long, making it shorter than many other Indian rivers.

• It is linked to the myth of the Ganges coming down to Earth.

• The river supported ancient trade routes and farming.

• The banks of the Varuna are home to many unique and native species.

• Pollution is a major threat to the river’s ecosystem.

  (NNI / Latest news / Latest news india / India latest news/UPSC Preparation)

Non-Native Species Threaten Antarctic Marine Ecosystems

Latest News: 24th August 2024, UPSC Preparation

Recent research published in Global Change Biology warns about the increasing danger of non-native species reaching Antarctica, especially through floating objects like marine debris. This is becoming a bigger concern due to climate change and more ships traveling to and from Antarctica, which can carry organisms from warmer regions.

Why Non-Native Species are a Problem

Non-native species, whether they are plants or animals, can disrupt the natural balance of life in Antarctica. The native species there have adapted to extremely cold and unique conditions, and the introduction of new species could threaten their survival. As the climate warms and more ice-free areas appear, conditions might become favorable for these non-native species to survive and spread, leading to significant changes in the local ecosystem.

Where These Species Are Coming From

Studies have shown that floating objects can drift to Antarctica from various places, not just nearby sub-Antarctic islands but also from continents like Australia, South Africa, South America, and New Zealand. These regions have species that can survive long journeys by clinging to floating debris, increasing the likelihood that they might reach Antarctica.

How the Research Was Conducted

To understand this risk better, researchers used computer models to simulate how virtual particles, representing floating objects, would move through the ocean. They released these particles from ten locations, including areas known for having southern bull kelp, a species with strong rafting abilities, as well as places where marine debris is common. The simulations showed that there is a significant connection between Antarctica and other southern landmasses. For instance, particles from places like Macquarie Island, Kerguelen Islands, and South Georgia had the highest chances of reaching Antarctica. On the other hand, Tasmania had the least connection, meaning fewer particles from there reached Antarctic shores.

The Role of Human-Made Debris

The rise in plastics and other human-made debris in the ocean is providing more opportunities for organisms to hitch a ride to Antarctica. For example, molluscs and kelp can attach themselves to these objects and potentially start new populations in Antarctica, which could harm the native marine life there.

The Specific Threat of Southern Bull Kelp

Southern bull kelp (Durvillaea antarctica) is a particularly worrying species because of its large size and ability to reproduce over long distances in the ocean. If it manages to establish itself in Antarctica, it could change marine ecosystems by creating new habitats, which would support different species and potentially disrupt the current ecological balance

This research highlights the serious risk that non-native species pose to Antarctica’s unique ecosystems, especially as the environment changes. It stresses the importance of monitoring these threats and developing strategies to protect the region’s biodiversity from these emerging dangers.

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India-US Discuss Energy Cooperation in High-Level Meeting

Latest News International: 24th August 2024, UPSC Preparation

Union Power Minister Manohar Lal held an important discussion with John Podesta, a senior adviser to the US President on International Climate Policy. This meeting marked a key moment in strengthening the cooperation between India and the United States in the energy sector, with a strong focus on clean energy projects.

Bilateral Cooperation

The talks were described as “productive,” meaning both sides felt the meeting was successful and positive. Minister Lal and Podesta both agreed on the importance of working together to address energy challenges and move towards a future that relies more on clean energy.

Key Areas of Discussion

Grid Modernization: They discussed the importance of improving India’s electricity grid and transmission systems. This is crucial for handling future energy needs, especially as India shifts more towards renewable energy sources.

Manufacturing Capacity: Another topic was how to strengthen India’s ability to produce energy-related technologies, such as solar panels and wind turbines. Increasing manufacturing capacity would help India become more self-sufficient in clean energy technology.

Energy Storage Systems: They explored the idea of partnerships between Indian states and the US for research and development of advanced energy storage solutions. This includes long-term battery systems that can store large amounts of energy, which is important for maintaining a stable power supply from renewable sources like solar and wind.

Energy Efficiency: Improving energy efficiency was another major point. They talked about high-efficiency cooling systems, which use less energy and could be part of broader efforts to make India’s energy use more efficient.

Strategic Clean Energy Partnership (SCEP)

The meeting also highlighted the significance of the ‘Power & Energy Efficiency Pillar’ under the Strategic Clean Energy Partnership (SCEP). This partnership shows a shared commitment between India and the US to work together on creating a sustainable energy future.

Future Collaborations

Both countries showed interest in continuing technical exchanges, policy discussions, and exploring funding options to support these initiatives. They emphasized the need to build strong supply chains and create partnerships driven by investment. Overall, the dialogue between India and the US represents an important step towards their shared goal of a clean energy transition. Both sides are dedicated to deepening their cooperation in critical energy areas, making this meeting a significant milestone in their ongoing partnership.

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Army’s unmanned aerial vehicle develops snag, drifts into PoK

Latest News: 23rd August 2024

An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) belonging to the Indian Army experienced a technical malfunction, causing it to drift into Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK). The incident, which occurred during routine surveillance operations, has raised concerns about border security and the integrity of military equipment. The Indian Army has acknowledged the mishap and is coordinating with relevant authorities to address the situation. Measures are being taken to retrieve or secure the UAV while ensuring that such incidents do not compromise national security. The incident has also prompted discussions on improving UAV technology and operational protocols.

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AIM Invites Applications for Australia-India Agritech Program

Latest News International: 22nd August 2024, UPSC Preparation

The Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) has opened applications for Indian and Australian startups and small businesses to join the climate-smart Agritech group of the India Australia Rapid Innovation and Startup Expansion (RISE) accelerator. This program is designed to help businesses grow internationally and collaborate between India and Australia, especially in the Agritech field.

Program Overview

The RISE Accelerator supports startups and small businesses in testing and adapting their technologies for international markets. The focus is on improving farming methods and resilience in the face of climate change, limited resources, and food shortages. The goal of this group is to support businesses that create technologies to help farmers and improve farming practices. The aim is to strengthen farming operations in both India and Australia.

Program Structure

The program lasts for nine months and includes both online learning and in-person activities in India and Australia. Participants will get deep insights into the market, personalized coaching, and mentorship from industry experts to help them grow and fit better into the market. Participants will have the chance to conduct field trials and test their technologies in real-world situations. They will also have opportunities to network with potential partners and customers, which is crucial for business success.

Applications and Support

The application deadline is September 15, 2024. There are no fees to join, and selected businesses might receive non-equity grants of up to Rs 45 lakhs. They will also have opportunities to travel between Australia and India, promoting further collaboration. This accelerator program aims to tackle important agricultural challenges and make innovative, effective farming practices available to farmers. It supports the goal of sustainable development in agriculture.

About Atal Innovation Mission (AIM)

The Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) is a major program started by NITI Aayog in 2016. Its main goal is to encourage new ideas and support people starting their businesses all over India. AIM aims to build a supportive environment for innovation and entrepreneurship at every level, including schools, universities, research centers, small and medium-sized businesses (MSMEs), and large industries.

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India Amends Power Export Rules Amid Bangladesh Electricity Supply Concerns

Latest News International: 21st August 2024, UPSC Preparation

India made changes to its rules about exporting electricity to other countries, in August 2024. These changes were made to protect Indian companies from political risks in countries like Bangladesh. The new rules allow Indian power companies to bring the electricity back to India if there are delays in payments from the countries they supply. One of the companies affected by this is Adani Power, which runs a power plant in Godda, Jharkhand, that sends all its electricity to Bangladesh. Despite these changes, Adani Power has assured that it will continue to meet its commitments to Bangladesh.

What is the Godda Project?

Adani Power runs a very large power plant in Godda, Jharkhand, that can produce 1,496 megawatts (MW) of electricity. This entire amount of electricity is sent to Bangladesh. The project began in 2017 when Adani Power signed a 25-year agreement with the Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB). This agreement, called a Power Purchase Agreement (PPA), marked India’s first project that sends electricity across borders to another country.

Goals and Benefits of the Godda Project

The main goal of the Godda project is to help Bangladesh improve its electricity supply. It does this by providing cheaper electricity generated from coal, replacing the more expensive electricity made from liquid fuels. In June 2023, Bangladesh could produce a total of 24,911 MW of electricity, and the Godda plant contributed about 6% of this with its 1,496 MW.

Criticism and Concerns

The Godda project has faced some criticism. One issue is that the coal used at the Godda plant is imported from a mine in Australia, which makes the electricity more expensive for Bangladesh. Bangladeshi officials have said that the cost of coal under the PPA is too high. There are also concerns about the high costs of maintaining the plant and its capacity, which adds to the overall expense.

Why Does Bangladesh Need to Import Power?

Although Bangladesh has expanded access to electricity for its people, the country still struggles with problems in getting enough fuel to run its power plants. This has led to many power plants being underused. By June 2023, Bangladesh had a total power generation capacity of 28,098 MW, but about 11,621 MW of this capacity was not being used because of financial and logistical problems.

What Do These Changes Mean?

The new rules in India give power companies more options, reducing their reliance on selling electricity to other countries when there are payment issues. While these changes might cause some short-term disruptions in the supply of electricity to Bangladesh, experts believe that Bangladesh’s long-term energy plans won’t be greatly affected.

(NNI / Latest news / Latest news india / India latest news/UPSC Preparation)

Germany Joins 18th Member State of United Nations Command in South Korea

Latest News: 20th August 2024, UPSC Preparation

Germany recently joined the U.S.-led United Nations Command (UNC) in South Korea, making it the 18th member. This move shows Germany’s commitment to global security and its belief that stability in Europe and the Indo-Pacific region are connected.

What is UNC?

The UNC was established in 1950 to help restore peace during the Korean War and enforce the armistice agreement. Although it was created under the United Nations, it operates independently and serves as a communication link with North Korea. The command is mainly led by the U.S. military commander in South Korea.

Germany’s Role in the UNC

Germany’s addition to the UNC brings fresh perspectives and resources, which strengthens the command’s capabilities. This decision aligns with the goals of the U.S. and its allies to boost regional security, especially in the face of challenges from authoritarian regimes.

Impact on European and Indo-Pacific Security

Germany sees its participation in the UNC as essential for collective security, emphasizing that peace in Europe is connected to stability in the Indo-Pacific. German Defence Minister Boris Pistorius has highlighted the importance of unity in addressing global crises.

Reactions from Other Countries

Germany’s inclusion in the UNC has faced criticism from China and North Korea, who have historically opposed the command. North Korea views the UNC as a tool for U.S. confrontation, while China is concerned about NATO’s growing influence in Asia. Germany plans to reopen its embassy in Pyongyang, which was closed during the COVID-19 pandemic, and is considering its role within the UNC. The exact duties of German troops in Korea are still being discussed. South Korean Defence Minister Shin Won-sik has welcomed Germany’s involvement as a significant contribution to peace efforts on the Korean Peninsula.

Facts About Germany

• Germany is known for the Berlin Zoo, the oldest zoo in the world, founded in 1844, with over 19,000 animals.

• The country is famous for its beer, with about 1,500 varieties, governed by the Reinheitsgebot, or Beer Purity Law.

• Germany’s Autobahn has sections with no speed limit, attracting speed enthusiasts.

• The Berlin Wall, which was taken down in 1989, symbolized the Cold War division.

• Munich’s Oktoberfest is the world’s largest beer festival.

• Germany produces about 1 million cars each year, mainly from brands like Volkswagen, and has the largest economy in Europe.

Facts About the United Nations Command (UNC)

• The UNC was established in 1950 during the Korean War to support South Korea against the North.

• It’s not a standing army but a coalition of member states.

• Headquartered in Seoul, it operates under United Nations Security Council resolutions.

• The UNC has maintained a ceasefire since 1953 but doesn’t have a formal peace treaty.

• Major General Paul J. LaCamera is the current commander.

• The UNC also conducts humanitarian missions and disaster relief efforts in the region.

  (NNI / Latest news / Latest news india / India latest news/UPSC Preparation)

PM Modi to address Third Voice of Global South Summit

Latest News: 20th August 2024, UPSC Preparation

India hosted the third Voice of Global South Summit (VOGSS), following the principle of ‘Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam,’ which means “the world is one family.” This summit supports Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s vision of development that includes everyone.

Purpose of the Summit

The VOGSS is designed to empower countries in the Global South by providing a platform to discuss and address ongoing challenges like conflicts, food and energy crises, and climate change—issues that heavily impact developing nations.

Participation and Format

All countries from the Global South are invited to join the summit, which is held online. The event includes a Leaders’ Session and several sessions for different ministers.

Key Themes and Sessions

The main theme of the summit is “An Empowered Global South for a Sustainable Future.” There are specific sessions for different topics:

• Foreign Ministers: “Charting a Unique Paradigm for Global South”

• Health Ministers: “One World-One Health”

• Youth Ministers: “Youth Engagement for a Better Future”

• Commerce Ministers: “Trade for Development”

• IT Ministers: “Digital Public Infrastructure for Development”

• Finance Ministers: “People-Centric Approach to Global Finance”

• Energy Ministers: “Sustainable Energy Solutions”

• Education Ministers: “Human Resource Development”

• Environment Ministers: “Mitigating Climate Change”

Background

India hosted the first and second VOGSS on January 12-13 and November 17, 2023. Over 100 countries participated in each summit, leading to discussions that influenced the agenda of the G-20 Summit during India’s presidency. The 3rd VOGSS is a significant effort to bring developing nations together to address shared challenges and promote sustainable development, especially during global uncertainties.

Facts About Voice of Global South Summit

• The Voice of Global South Summit, which began in 2023, aims to bring the voices of developing nations to the forefront of global discussions.

• India started this summit to strengthen cooperation among Southern Hemisphere countries.

• The summit focuses on issues like climate change, sustainable development, and economic inequality, with 120 countries participating.

• It emphasizes shared challenges and solutions, promoting unity among these nations.

• The event is part of India’s broader strategy to enhance its influence on the global stage.

  (NNI / Latest news / Latest news india / India latest news/UPSC Preparation)

Hamas Again Accuses Israel's Netanyahu Of "Obstructing" Gaza Truce Deal

Latest News International: 19th August 2024

Gaza City, August 19, 2024 — In a renewed escalation of tensions, Hamas has once again accused Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu of obstructing progress towards a truce agreement for the Gaza Strip. The latest accusations come amid ongoing discussions aimed at de-escalating the violence and addressing humanitarian concerns in the region.

In a statement released late yesterday, Hamas officials charged that Netanyahu’s administration has been deliberately hindering efforts to finalize a ceasefire deal, which both sides have been negotiating for several weeks. The group claims that the Israeli government's recent demands and actions have stalled the truce process, exacerbating the humanitarian crisis in Gaza.

"Hamas holds Netanyahu responsible for the continued suffering of the Palestinian people," said a senior Hamas spokesperson. "His actions are a deliberate attempt to obstruct any meaningful progress towards peace and exacerbate the humanitarian situation in Gaza."

The accusations from Hamas come after a series of failed negotiation rounds, with both sides struggling to reach an agreement on key issues, including border access, humanitarian aid, and security arrangements. Hamas asserts that Netanyahu’s position has been inflexible, particularly regarding concessions on the movement of goods and people into and out of Gaza.

Israeli Response

In response to Hamas’s allegations, Israeli officials have denied any obstructionist behavior. A spokesperson for Prime Minister Netanyahu dismissed the claims, stating that Israel is committed to finding a viable solution but remains cautious about making concessions that could compromise security.

"Israel remains dedicated to achieving a lasting and sustainable truce," the spokesperson said. "We are willing to negotiate in good faith but will not agree to terms that endanger our security or undermine our interests. It is important for Hamas to acknowledge the complexities involved and engage constructively."

Humanitarian Concerns

The standoff has heightened humanitarian concerns in Gaza, where the ongoing conflict has led to severe shortages of essential supplies and services. International organizations have called for an urgent resolution to the truce negotiations to address the escalating needs of the civilian population.

"The humanitarian situation in Gaza is dire," said a representative from the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). "Both sides must prioritize the well-being of civilians and work towards a resolution that addresses their immediate needs and long-term stability."

Prospects for Peace

The path to a truce remains uncertain, with both sides entrenched in their positions. Analysts suggest that while external pressures and international mediation efforts could play a role in advancing negotiations, the deep-seated mistrust and complex political dynamics pose significant challenges.

As the conflict continues, the international community watches closely, hoping for a breakthrough that will lead to a sustainable peace agreement and alleviate the suffering in Gaza. The latest accusations from Hamas add another layer of complexity to the already fraught negotiations, underscoring the difficulties in reaching a resolution to one of the region’s most enduring conflicts.

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Sweden Reports First Case of mpox Strain outside Africa

Latest News International: 18th August 2024, UPSC Preparation

The World Health Organization (WHO) announced that Sweden became the first country outside of Africa to report a case of the emerging clade I variant of mpox, on August 15, 2024. Due to the rapid spread of clade 1b, a variant of clade 1, the WHO declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). In the United States, mpox has been detected in wastewater at three locations, mainly in California and Illinois, linked to clade II, which was part of the 2022 outbreak. The more dangerous clade I, common in Africa, has not been detected in the US.

Statistics and Spread:

In 2024, over 2,100 confirmed mpox cases and 13 deaths were reported in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and eleven other countries, including Burundi, Cameroon, and Nigeria. This marks a significant increase from the previous year, which saw 1,145 confirmed cases and seven deaths.

Vaccine Development:

In response to the outbreak, the WHO is fast-tracking the Emergency Use Listing (EUL) process for mpox vaccines. This effort aims to make vaccines more accessible to low-income countries that lack national regulatory approval, strengthening global public health defenses against the crisis.

About Mpox:

Mpox, previously known as monkeypox, is caused by the mpox virus, part of the Orthopoxvirus genus. It was first identified in 1958 in monkeys used for research. Mpox spreads mainly through close contact with an infected person’s lesions, body fluids, or respiratory droplets. Symptoms include fever, rash, and swollen lymph nodes, lasting 2-4 weeks. Though historically found in Africa, cases surged globally in 2022. The smallpox vaccine offers some protection against mpox, and animals like rodents and primates can also spread the virus.

Facts About World Health Organization

• WHO: The World Health Organization was started in 1948 and is part of the United Nations, based in Geneva.

• Members: It has 194 countries working together on health issues around the world.

• HIV Test: In 1985, WHO approved the first blood test to detect HIV.

• Smallpox: WHO’s advice helped eliminate smallpox by 1980.

• World Health Day: Every year, April 7 is celebrated as “World Health Day” by WHO.

• Antimicrobial Resistance: In 2017, WHO called the problem of bacteria becoming resistant to drugs a global health emergency.

• Health Rules: WHO manages rules on how countries should respond to public health threats.

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WHO Declares Mpox a Global Public Health Emergency

Latest News: 17th August 2024

The World Health Organization (WHO) declared mpox a “public health emergency of international concern” (PHEIC), on August 14, 2024. This decision was made after experts noticed a rise in mpox cases, especially in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and other African countries.

What is a PHEIC?

A PHEIC is a serious health event that can affect multiple countries and needs a coordinated global response. It refers to an unusual event that could spread internationally, requiring countries to work together.

Definition of Mpox

Mpox is a viral disease first found in humans in 1970, commonly found in Central and West Africa. The WHO had previously declared mpox a global emergency in July 2022 due to an outbreak that ended in May 2023.

Current Situation

The DRC is experiencing a rapid increase in mpox cases, with over 15,600 cases and 537 deaths reported this year. A new strain of the virus, called clade 1b, is spreading quickly in the DRC and nearby countries like Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, and Uganda—places where mpox wasn’t previously reported.

Response Efforts

Two vaccines are currently recommended for mpox and have been approved in several countries. The WHO has provided $1.45 million to help with immediate response efforts, with more funding expected as the situation develops. An estimated $15 million will be needed to improve monitoring and preparedness.

More About Mpox

Mpox, formerly called monkeypox, is a viral disease mostly found in Central and West Africa. It was first discovered in monkeys in 1958 but mainly spreads through rodents. Symptoms include fever, rash, and swollen lymph nodes, and it looks similar to smallpox but with a shorter incubation period of about 7-14 days. The disease can spread between people through respiratory droplets and bodily fluids. The WHO declared it a public health emergency in 2022. A smallpox vaccine can provide some protection.

More About International Health Regulations (IHR)

The International Health Regulations (IHR) were first adopted in 1969 and updated in 2005. They aim to improve global health security by managing disease outbreaks. The IHR applies to 196 countries, including all WHO member states. Certain diseases must be reported within 24 hours. The regulations also promote a “One Health” approach, linking human, animal, and environmental health. The IHR provides guidelines for emergency response and public health capabilities, with compliance monitored through annual reports.

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India-Australia Hold Maritime Security Dialogue

Latest News: 16th August 2024, UPSC Preparation

On August 13, 2024, the 6th India-Australia Maritime Security Dialogue was held in Canberra, focusing on strengthening maritime security cooperation in the Indian Ocean Region. This meeting reflects the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership between India and Australia and addresses crucial maritime issues.

Key Discussions

During the dialogue, senior officials from both countries discussed ways to maintain a safe maritime environment that supports inclusive growth and global well-being. Key topics included:

Maritime Security in the Indo-Pacific: Enhancing security in the region.

Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR): Coordinating responses to emergencies and disasters at sea.

Maritime Cooperation Areas

The discussions also covered:

Search and Rescue (SAR): Improving joint efforts for effective search and rescue operations.

Pollution Response: Addressing maritime pollution, particularly concerning plastic waste.

Blue Economy: Promoting sustainable economic activities that utilize marine resources responsibly.

Port State Control: Enhancing the enforcement of international maritime regulations.

Indo-Pacific Ocean Initiative (IPOI)

Both nations reviewed progress and future plans under the Indo-Pacific Ocean Initiative (IPOI), which focuses on preserving maritime ecology and was established by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2019.

Historical Background

In June 2020, India and Australia formalized a Shared Vision for Maritime Cooperation, reinforcing their commitment to peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific. This agreement aims to improve navy-to-navy cooperation and enhance maritime domain awareness through information sharing.

Facts About India-Australia Maritime Security Dialogue

• Started in 2015: The dialogue began to improve cooperation between India and Australia in the Indo-Pacific region.

• Joint Naval Exercises: Both countries conduct exercises like AUSINDEX to strengthen their military partnership.

• Addressing Maritime Challenges: The dialogue works on issues such as:

• Piracy: Fighting against pirate activities.

• Illegal Fishing: Preventing unauthorized fishing.

• Cybersecurity and Information Sharing: Focuses on protecting maritime data and sharing important information.

• Regional Collaboration: India and Australia work together in groups like the Quad (which also includes the US and Japan).

• Capacity-Building: They help neighboring countries improve their maritime security and abilities.

• Promoting a Free and Open Indo-Pacific: Supports a region where maritime routes are open and international laws are followed.

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NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR)

Latest News International: 15th August 2024

The NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) mission, a joint project between NASA and the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), has encountered delays, pushing its launch to after February 2025. This mission is focused on improving our understanding of environmental changes and natural hazards through advanced radar imaging.

Reasons for Delay

The delay is mainly due to two reasons: challenges related to the satellite’s orbit and the need to make adjustments to the spacecraft’s antenna. A key launch period from early October 2024 to early February 2025 was missed because of temperature fluctuations that could have affected the satellite’s performance.

Technical Considerations

To address these temperature issues, NASA is making adjustments to the radar antenna reflector in California. They are applying a special coating to prevent the antenna from overheating, ensuring it will work reliably when it is deployed in space. Once this work is finished, the reflector will be sent back to India to be reattached to the spacecraft. NASA and ISRO are working closely together to determine a new date for the launch. This project highlights the strong collaboration between the two space agencies, with each bringing cutting-edge radar technology to the table.

Mission Objectives

Even with the delays, the mission’s goals are still highly important for global climate research. The NISAR satellite is designed to track changes in ecosystems, study the stability of ice sheets, and provide valuable data on natural disasters like earthquakes and tsunamis. The information collected will be crucial for scientific studies and for planning responses to disasters.

Facts About NASA

• NASA was created in 1958, originally starting as an organization called NACA.

• In 1969, NASA’s Apollo 11 mission made Neil Armstrong the first person to walk on the Moon.

• NASA launched the Voyager spacecraft in 1977, which carry golden records with sounds and images from Earth.

• NASA ran the Space Shuttle program from 1981 to 2011, completing 135 missions during that time.

• In 2012, NASA’s Mars rover, Curiosity, landed on Mars to explore the planet.

• The Hubble Space Telescope, launched in 1990, has greatly improved our knowledge of the universe.

Facts About ISRO

• The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) was established in 1969.

• ISRO launched its first satellite, Aryabhata, in 1975.

• In 2014, ISRO’s Mars Orbiter Mission, called Mangalyaan, made India the first Asian country to reach Mars.

• In 2017, ISRO set a world record by launching 104 satellites in one mission.

• ISRO’s Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) is known for being very reliable.

• ISRO also created the GSLV Mk III rocket, which can carry heavier loads into space.

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Vinay Mohan Kwatra Becomes Indian Ambassador to the US

Latest News International: 15th August 2024, UPSC Preparation

Vinay Mohan Kwatra has been appointed the Indian Ambassador to the United States, starting his role on August 12, 2024, and succeeding Taranjit Singh Sandhu. This move is part of a broader plan to strengthen India-US relations.

Background on Vinay Mohan Kwatra

Kwatra previously served as India’s Foreign Secretary, gaining extensive experience in international diplomacy. Before that, he was the Minister of Commerce at the Indian Embassy in Washington, DC, where he built key diplomatic connections. Kwatra’s appointment is crucial for strengthening the strategic partnership between India and the US.

Objectives as Ambassador

As the new Ambassador, Kwatra is expected to work closely on improving diplomatic relations and cooperation, especially in trade, security, and cultural exchange. His transition into this role highlights India’s continued diplomatic efforts in the US. With his extensive background in foreign affairs, Kwatra will play a key role in managing international relations and building a strong partnership between the two countries.

Who is Vinay Mohan Kwatra?

Vinay Mohan Kwatra, an Indian Foreign Service officer since 1996, has had a distinguished career. He was India’s Ambassador to Nepal before becoming Secretary (Economic Relations) in the Ministry of External Affairs. Kwatra has held key roles in strengthening India’s partnerships with countries like the USA and Japan. His expertise includes international economics and diplomacy, and he has significantly contributed to India’s alliances in South Asia. Additionally, Kwatra is noted for his work on climate change and sustainable development at international forums.

About India-US partnership

The India-US partnership, established in 2005, is based on strategic, economic, and military collaboration. India is a key defense partner for the US, which is one of its largest arms suppliers. The countries conduct many joint military exercises each year. The 2020 “Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement” enhanced their intelligence sharing. Trade between India and the US surpassed $150 billion in 2022. They work together on technology through the India-US Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technologies and also collaborate on climate change and public health, contributing to global stability.

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August 9, Ukrainian troops had advanced as far as 35 kilometers (21 miles) into Russian territory in the Kursk region, according to the US-based Institute for the Study of War.

Latest News International:14th August 2024

Details about Kursk Region:

• Kursk is a city and the administrative center of Kursk Oblast, Russia.

Geographical Aspect

• Located at the confluence of the Kur, Tuskar, and Seym rivers.

• Surrounded by "Black Earth"

• Chernozem also called black soil, regur soil or black cotton soil, is a black-colored soil containing a high percentage of humus (4% to 16%) and high percentages of phosphorus and ammonia compounds.

• The climate is moderately continental.

Economic Activity

• Activity focuses on iron-based industry, the chemical sector and a large food processing industry.

• Particularly noteworthy is the so-called Kursk Magnetic Anomaly, the world's largest known iron-ore reserve, where the iron content of the ore ranges from 35% up to 60%.

Energy

• In Kurchatov, some 40 km (25 mi) to the south-west, the Kursk Nuclear Power Plant is located.

Transportation

• Kursk is located on a major railway line between Moscow and Kharkov, with trains also linking the city to Voronezh and Kiev.

Historical Aspect:

• The first written record of Kursk dates back to 1032.

• Destroyed by the Mongols under Batu Khan during the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' around 1237.

• Modern: After the Bolshevik revolution in Russia, the Soviets took power in Kursk on 26 November (9 December – new style) 1917.

• Kursk played a role in the Cold War as host to Khalino air base.

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U.S. Deploys Submarine Amid Escalating Tensions in Middle East

Latest News International:13th August 2024

On August 11, 2024, U.S. Defence Secretary Lloyd Austin ordered the deployment of a guided missile submarine to the Middle East due to increasing tensions after the deaths of top members of Hamas and Hezbollah. This move comes as a response to fears that Iran and its allies might retaliate.

Submarine Deployment

The USS Georgia, a nuclear-powered guided missile submarine, is part of this strategic military response. Its deployment is significant because it’s a strong show of military strength in a time of rising regional threats.

Accelerated Naval Response

The Abraham Lincoln strike group, which includes fighter jets and Navy warships, has also been told to speed up its arrival in the region. This additional military presence will help support Israeli defensive operations.

Assassination of Key Figures

The recent deaths of Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh on July 31, 2024, in Tehran, and Hezbollah commander Fuad Shukr in Beirut, have raised concerns about a larger conflict. Although Israel has not officially taken credit for these actions, they are believed to be part of Israel’s ongoing military efforts against Hamas in Gaza.

Iran’s Retaliation Threats

Iran has expressed a willingness to retaliate against Israel for these killings and blames the U.S. for supporting Israel. Tensions have been further heightened by recent attacks on U.S. forces in Syria. The current military actions and political statements highlight the tense situation in the Middle East. The U.S. seems determined to support its allies while preparing for possible retaliation from Iran and its allies.

Facts About USS Georgia

• The USS Georgia (SSGN-729) is a big nuclear-powered submarine launched in 1984.

• It is one of four Ohio-class submarines that were upgraded to carry cruise missiles and special forces.

• The submarine is 560 feet long, can dive over 800 feet deep, and can run for up to 15 years without refueling.

• It has a special dry deck shelter for operations and can carry up to 154 Tomahawk missiles.

• With a crew of about 150, the USS Georgia is built for stealth and flexibility in modern warfare.

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US to Release $3.5 Billion Military Aid to Israel

Latest News International: 12th August 2024, UPSC Preparation

The U.S. State Department announced the release of $3.5 billion in military assistance to Israel after Congress approved the funds amidst rising tensions due to the ongoing conflict in Gaza. This money is part of a larger $14 billion supplemental bill that was passed in April 2023.

Key Details of the Funding

• Amount: The $3.5 billion is specifically set aside for military financing.

• Purpose: The funds are to be used to buy U.S.-made weapons and military equipment.

• Congressional Approval: The U.S. Congress approved this funding while Israel was actively engaged in military action in Gaza.

Background of the Conflict

Tensions in the Middle East escalated after Hamas attacked Israel on October 7, 2023, resulting in heavy casualties on both sides:

• Israeli Casualties: Around 1,200 Israelis were killed, and approximately 250 were taken hostage.

• Palestinian Casualties: The Israeli military response has led to nearly 40,000 Palestinian deaths.

Humanitarian Crisis in Gaza

The ongoing conflict has caused a severe humanitarian crisis:

• Displacement: Nearly the entire population of Gaza, about 2.3 million people, has been displaced.

• Hunger Crisis: There are widespread food shortages, and Israel has been accused of genocide, which the Israeli government denies.

About Israel

Established in 1948, Israel is the only country with a majority Jewish population. It has a high number of museums per capita, innovative technology, and agriculture sectors, and its capital is Jerusalem. Israel was named after the biblical patriarch Jacob and is home to the Dead Sea, the lowest point on Earth.

About Gaza

Gaza is one of the world’s oldest inhabited areas, dating back to at least the 15th century BCE. It is densely populated, with over 5,000 people per square kilometer. Known for its history and agriculture, particularly olive and citrus production, Gaza’s economy has struggled due to conflicts and blockades. The Gaza Strip is about 41 kilometers long and was occupied by Israel until 2005 when Israel withdrew from the area.

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Africa Faces Urgent Mpox Outbreak, WHO Holds Emergency Meeting

Latest News International: 12th August 2024, UPSC Preparation

Africa is facing a serious outbreak of mpox, and the World Health Organization (WHO) has held an urgent meeting to decide if this situation should be declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. Currently, 15 African countries, including Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, and Uganda—which previously had no cases—are reporting confirmed cases of mpox.

Current Statistics

There have been 2,030 confirmed cases of mpox and 13 deaths across these countries in 2024. The number of suspected cases has also risen sharply to over 15,000, with more than 500 deaths reported. This is a significant increase compared to the previous year, which saw 1,145 cases and seven deaths.

Variant Concerns

A new variant of the virus, called clade 1b, has appeared, mainly affecting the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), where 90% of the cases have been recorded. This variant is particularly dangerous for children, with a 10% mortality rate. It is also harder to detect because of mutations that current tests may miss. The spread of this variant across borders has led to deaths in Burundi, South Africa, and the DRC.

What is Mpox?

Mpox, which used to be called monkeypox, is caused by the monkeypox virus, part of the Orthopoxvirus family. It was first discovered in lab monkeys in 1958. The virus can spread through bites from infected animals, close contact with an infected person, or touching contaminated materials. Symptoms include fever, a rash, and swollen lymph nodes. Mpox is commonly found in Central and West Africa. Vaccination against smallpox can provide some protection against mpox. Despite its name, the primary hosts of the virus are rodents, not monkeys. In 2022, mpox was declared a public health emergency due to outbreaks occurring outside the regions where it is typically found.

Facts about the World Health Organization (WHO)

• The World Health Organization (WHO) was founded on April 7, 1948.

• It is based in Geneva, Switzerland.

• WHO has 194 member countries.

• To make sure everyone has access to good health care worldwide.

• It responds to health emergencies and controls diseases, like polio.

• WHO’s International Classification of Diseases helps doctors use the same names for illnesses everywhere.

• It works on addressing the factors that affect health through various initiatives.

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Who is Muhammad Yunus, Chief Adviser to Bangladesh Interim Government?

Latest News International: 8th August 2024, UPSC Preparation

Muhammad Yunus, who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006, has been appointed as the chief adviser to Bangladesh’s interim government. This happened after Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina resigned due to growing protests. The announcement was made by Army Chief Waker-uz-Zaman and is related to widespread unrest over government job quotas.

Who is Muhammad Yunus?

Yunus was born in 1940 in Chittagong. He is a respected economist with a PhD from Vanderbilt University. After Bangladesh gained independence, he returned and became the head of the economics department at Chittagong University. Yunus is famous for creating the concept of microcredit, which involves giving small, collateral-free loans to poor entrepreneurs who don’t have access to traditional banking.

The Birth of Grameen Bank

In 1983, Yunus founded Grameen Bank, which became a leader in microfinance. The bank has given out over $34 billion in loans to nearly 10 million people, with a 97% repayment rate. Grameen Bank’s success inspired similar models worldwide. Yunus and Grameen Bank received the Nobel Peace Prize for their work in promoting economic and social development.

Friction with Sheikh Hasina

Yunus’s relationship with Sheikh Hasina became strained after he considered starting a political party following his Nobel win, which she opposed. When she returned to power in 2009, her government launched investigations against Yunus, accusing him of exploiting borrowers.

Legal Challenges and Accusations

Yunus is facing several legal issues. In January, he received a six-month prison sentence for labour law violations but was soon granted bail. He is also being investigated for alleged tax evasion and improper financial transactions. In 2011, he was removed from his position as managing director of Grameen Bank due to retirement rule violations. These legal troubles have sparked international concern, with prominent figures like Barack Obama and Ban Ki-moon warning about the “judicial harassment” he faces.

Bangladesh’s Leadership Transition Poses Risks to India Relations

Latest News International: 7th August 2024, UPSC Preparation

Since Sheikh Hasina became Prime Minister of Bangladesh in 2009, the country has built a strong relationship with India. This partnership is based on working together against terrorism and sharing economic and cultural interests. However, leadership changes could threaten this relationship, potentially affecting trade, travel, and a planned Free Trade Agreement (FTA).

Bi-lateral Trade

India and Bangladesh are important economic partners, with Bangladesh being India’s largest trade partner in the region. In the financial year 2023-24, their trade reached $13 billion. India mainly exports cotton (34.9% of total exports) and petroleum products to Bangladesh, while Bangladesh exports mostly readymade garments to India.

The potential of a Free Trade Agreement

Talks about an FTA started in October 2023. The aim is to reduce customs duties between the two countries, boosting trade and investment. Studies suggest that a full FTA could increase Bangladeshi exports to India by up to 182%, and with better infrastructure, this could rise to 297%. India’s exports could also increase by 172%.

Infrastructure & Connectivity

Infrastructure development is a crucial part of India-Bangladesh relations. Since 2016, India has provided $8 billion in credit for projects, including rail and port developments. New projects, like the Akhaura-Agartala rail link, have significantly cut travel times and boosted trade and tourism. A strained relationship could disrupt India’s access to the Northeast, complicating logistics and connectivity between the two countries.

Current Transport Routes

Besides improved rail links, five bus routes facilitate travel between India and Bangladesh. Agreements to use ports like Chittagong and Mongla aim to make cargo movement easier, strengthening commercial ties further.

About India-Bangladesh Trade Agreement

• Enhanced Bilateral Trade: The India-Bangladesh Trade Agreement, in place since 2011, aims to strengthen trade relations by providing duty-free access for 97% of Bangladeshi products, significantly boosting bilateral trade.

• Key Trade Elements: Despite India having a trade deficit with Bangladesh, major exports include mineral fuels and machinery, while significant traded items between the countries are garments and pharmaceuticals.

• Trade Facilitation and Cooperation: The agreement focuses on improving trade facilitation, customs cooperation, and sanitary standards, supported by various joint working groups to resolve trade disputes and enhance connectivity through rail and waterways.

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14th India-Vietnam Defence Policy Dialogue

Latest News: 6th August 2024, UPSC Preparation

The 14th India-Vietnam Defence Policy Dialogue was held in New Delhi, showing the commitment to strengthen defence cooperation between the two countries, especially with growing security concerns in the region. The meeting was led by India’s Defence Secretary Giridhar Aramane and Vietnam’s Deputy Minister of National Defence, Senior Lieutenant General Hoang Xuan Chien. This dialogue builds on the ‘Joint Vision Statement on India-Vietnam Defence Partnership towards 2030’ signed in June 2022, which serves as a framework for ongoing collaboration.

Proposed Areas for Cooperation

Delegation Exchanges and Dialogue: Regular meetings and exchanges between defence officials.

• Staff Talks: Discussions between military staff for better coordination.

• Service-to-Service Cooperation: Collaboration between different branches of the armed forces.

• Education and Training: Sharing knowledge and training programmes.

• Defence Industry Cooperation: Working together in defence technology and production.

Emerging Focus Areas by India

India suggested focusing on new defence areas:

• Cyber Security: Protecting against online threats.

• Information Security: Safeguarding sensitive information.

• Military Medicine: Medical support and advancements for military personnel.

• Submarine Search and Rescue: Techniques and technology for submarine emergencies.

The discussions led to a Letter of Intent aimed at enhancing training exchanges to improve the preparedness and operational capabilities of both countries.

Importance of Defence Cooperation

Defence collaboration is a key part of the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership between India and Vietnam. Vietnam is an important player in India’s Act East Policy and is strategically important in the Indo-Pacific Region. The 14th Defence Policy Dialogue is a crucial step in strengthening bilateral relations, focusing on modern security challenges and enhancing military capabilities to ensure both nations are well-prepared for future challenges.

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India-Indonesia Business Chamber Relaunches in Jakarta Ceremony

Latest News International: 6th August 2024, UPSC Preparation

The Embassy of India in Jakarta and IndCham recently restarted the Indian Chamber of Commerce in Indonesia. This event attracted more than 150 members from important Indian and Indonesian companies, marking a key moment in boosting economic ties between the two countries.

Importance of Relaunch

The revival of the chamber meets the need for a lively business community that supports economic relations between India and Indonesia, which have grown significantly in the past ten years. The original chamber was set up in 1977 but became inactive during the pandemic.

Significant Partnerships

India and Indonesia have formed a strong partnership called Comprehensive Strategic Partners. Together, they have a combined GDP of $5 trillion and a population of 1.7 billion, making them important centers for future global growth.

Bilateral Trade Objectives

In 2022, trade between the two countries reached $38.8 billion, with plans to increase this to $50 billion by 2025. India is the 14th largest investor in Indonesia, with 80 Indian companies operating there.

Future Vision and Goals

Both countries are working towards sustainable development, focusing on industrial growth and making it easier to do business. This fits with India’s Atmanirbhar Bharat (self-reliant India) and Indonesia’s Emas (Golden Indonesia) goals. The relaunch event included presentations about the chamber’s new goals, a talk by well-known economist Sanjeev Sanyal, and discussions on Indonesia’s new Personal Data Protection Law. This shows a commitment to supporting business and encouraging new ideas.

About India-Indonesia Economic Partnership

• Strong Trade Relationship: India and Indonesia have a strong trade relationship, with trade reaching $20 billion recently. They aim to increase this to $50 billion by 2025.

• Collaboration in Key Sectors: They work together in important areas like energy, textiles, and technology. In 2020, they also signed a defense cooperation pact.

• Shared Goals: Both countries are part of the G20 and support sustainable development, working together to achieve common goals.

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Stalked by polio, Gaza faces another siege

Latest News International: 5th August 2024

Should Israel continue to sustain harmful living conditions in Gaza, the outcomes of its actions will be indistinguishable from those of biological warfare

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Bangladesh protests: Nearly 100 killed, hundreds injured in clashes between protesters and ruling party supporters

Latest News International: 5th August 2024

Protesters have dismissed PM Hasina’s invitation for dialogue aimed at quelling escalating violence and consolidated their demands into a unified call for the government’s resignation

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India Host 3rd Edition of Global South Summit

Latest News International: 4th August 2024, UPSC Preparation

India will host the third Voice of the Global South Summit on August 17, 2024. This virtual event will address major global issues like conflicts, development challenges, and climate change. Prime Minister Narendra Modi will lead the summit, which will involve discussions with representatives from various countries.

Purpose of the Summit

The summit provides a platform for countries in the Global South—those in Latin America, Africa, and parts of Asia to share their views, difficulties, and priorities. Its goal is to improve communication and cooperation among developing nations. The first summit took place in January 2023, and the second in November 2023, just after the G20 Summit. Each event involved over 120 countries.

Themes of Previous Summits

Themes for the Summits:

• First Summit (January 2023): “Unity of Voice, Unity of Purpose”

• Second Summit (November 2023): “Together, for Everyone’s Growth, with Everyone’s Trust”

Both themes focused on working together and collective effort.

Key Issues Addressed

Main Focus Areas of the Summits:

• Climate change

• Sustainable development

• Global governance

Ministerial sessions covered various topics like foreign affairs, education, finance, environment, energy, health, and trade.

Initiatives Announced

• Global South Centre of Excellence (‘Dakshin’)

• Global South

• Science and Technology Initiative

• Global South Scholarship Programme

• Cooperation in the health sector

• Global South Young Diplomats Forum

These initiatives aim to promote knowledge sharing and cooperation on important issues.

About Global South Summit

The Global South Summit, which started in 2004 in Havana, Cuba, seeks to enhance cooperation among developing nations. It includes diverse cultures and economies and focuses on sustainable development, climate change, and social equality. The outcomes of these summits can influence UN policies and improve partnerships among member states, with rotating leadership to ensure inclusivity.

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India Retains Eighth Position in Global Agricultural Exports

Latest News International: 3rd August 2024, UPSC Preparation

In 2023, India continued to be the eighth-largest exporter of agricultural products worldwide. However, India’s agricultural exports dropped from $55 billion in 2022 to $51 billion. This decline happened during a time when many other leading countries also saw a decrease in their agricultural exports.

Global Export Trends

Out of the top ten agricultural exporting countries, only three saw growth in their exports in 2023:

1. Brazil: Agricultural exports increased by 6% to $157 billion.

2. European Union (EU): Agricultural exports grew by 5% to $836 billion.

3. Thailand: Agricultural exports increased slightly by 0.2%, though it is not among the top three exporters.

Factors Impacting Indian Exports

India’s reduction in agricultural exports can be attributed to several geopolitical factors, such as:

• The Red Sea crisis

• The Russia-Ukraine war

Export Bans and Their Effects

These events have disrupted global trade. Additionally, India’s export bans on key agricultural products also contributed to the decline. These bans included:

• Wheat in May 2022

• Non-basmati rice in July 2023

• Sugar in October 2023

Comparison with Other Major Exporters

Despite a decrease in exports to $198 billion, the United States remains the second-largest agricultural exporter. China is the fourth-largest, with a slight decrease to $95 billion. Other significant countries in the top ten include Canada, Mexico, and Indonesia. Australia.

New WTO Trade Statistics Tool

The World Trade Organization (WTO) introduced an interactive platform in its 2023 report for analyzing international trade data. This tool allows users to explore trends in world trade by value and volume, with options to filter by economy, region, and product group.

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India Retains Eighth Position in Global Agricultural Exports

Latest News International: 3rd August 2024, UPSC Preparation

In 2023, India continued to be the eighth-largest exporter of agricultural products worldwide. However, India’s agricultural exports dropped from $55 billion in 2022 to $51 billion. This decline happened during a time when many other leading countries also saw a decrease in their agricultural exports.

Global Export Trends

Out of the top ten agricultural exporting countries, only three saw growth in their exports in 2023:

1. Brazil: Agricultural exports increased by 6% to $157 billion.

2. European Union (EU): Agricultural exports grew by 5% to $836 billion.

3. Thailand: Agricultural exports increased slightly by 0.2%, though it is not among the top three exporters.

Factors Impacting Indian Exports

India’s reduction in agricultural exports can be attributed to several geopolitical factors, such as:

• The Red Sea crisis

• The Russia-Ukraine war

Export Bans and Their Effects

These events have disrupted global trade. Additionally, India’s export bans on key agricultural products also contributed to the decline. These bans included:

• Wheat in May 2022

• Non-basmati rice in July 2023

• Sugar in October 2023

Comparison with Other Major Exporters

Despite a decrease in exports to $198 billion, the United States remains the second-largest agricultural exporter. China is the fourth-largest, with a slight decrease to $95 billion. Other significant countries in the top ten include Canada, Mexico, and Indonesia. Australia.

New WTO Trade Statistics Tool

The World Trade Organization (WTO) introduced an interactive platform in its 2023 report for analyzing international trade data. This tool allows users to explore trends in world trade by value and volume, with options to filter by economy, region, and product group.

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Biden credits allies for prisoner swap with Russia: Why its vital to have friends

Latest News: 2nd August 2024

Joe Biden called the multinational prisoner swap deal "a powerful example of why it's vital to have friends in this world.

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India and China Hold 30th Round of Border Issues

Latest News International: 2nd August 2024, UPSC Preparation

On October 25, 2023, India and China held their 30th meeting of the Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination on India-China Border Affairs (WMCC) in New Delhi. They described their discussions as “in-depth, constructive, and forward-looking.” The main focus was on the ongoing stand-off along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in eastern Ladakh.

Background of the Stand-off

The stand-off between India and China started in 2020 and has included both military and diplomatic efforts to manage the tensions. The WMCC is important for discussions about border issues, alongside higher-level military talks.

Significance of the Meeting

This recent WMCC meeting is part of larger efforts to resolve outstanding issues and bring back peace. The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) stressed the importance of respecting the LAC to normalize relations between the two countries.

Ongoing Diplomatic Engagements

Diplomatic efforts, including talks between Foreign Ministers and previous meetings, aim to keep the momentum in resolving border tensions. Recent meetings in Astana and Vientiane helped show a united approach in negotiations.

Military Coordination Efforts

Regular Corps Commander talks also support the WMCC meetings, with the 21st round held in February 2023. However, there have been no major breakthroughs in reducing tensions in key areas. There is speculation that India might consider easing some economic restrictions on Chinese companies. This is based on recent economic surveys suggesting more Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) from China could be beneficial.

About Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination (WMCC)

• Establishment and Purpose: The Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination (WMCC) was set up by India and China in 2017 to work together on border issues and keep the peace. This group provides a way for both countries to talk and solve problems, showing their growing relationship and need for stability.

• Function and Focus: The WMCC holds regular meetings between military and diplomatic officials from both countries, focusing on regional security, counterterrorism, and trade to help manage conflicts.

• Significance: The WMCC helps solve problems and manage relations between India and China, showing their growing connection and need for stability.

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Sturgeon Poaching Threatens Endangered Species in Danube River

Latest News International: 1st August 2024, UPSC Preparation

Poaching and trafficking are putting four species of sturgeon in the Lower Danube Basin in great danger. This area is an important habitat in southeastern Europe. A report by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) shows that between 2016 and 2023, there were 395 cases of illegal sturgeon fishing affecting over 1,000 sturgeon. This indicates that there may be even more unreported cases.

The Lower Danube Basin

The Lower Danube Basin is where the Danube River flows into the Black Sea and includes parts of Bulgaria, Romania, and Ukraine. It is crucial for the remaining self-reproducing sturgeon populations in Europe.

Illegal Activities

Between 2016 and 2023, 395 illegal sturgeon activities were recorded: 144 in Bulgaria, 157 in Romania, and 94 in Ukraine. Poachers often use banned traditional fishing methods, like unbaited hook lines (karmaci), and many activities go undetected.

Impact on Sturgeon Species

All four types of sturgeon in the Danube Basin are considered threatened according to the IUCN Red List. The stellate sturgeon, Russian sturgeon, and beluga sturgeon are Critically Endangered, while the sterlet is Endangered. All of these sturgeons are affected by poaching.

Species Breakdown

All four sturgeon species in the Danube Basin are considered threatened by the IUCN Red List. These species are:

• Sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus): Most frequently reported, involved in 78 poaching cases in 2018. It is classified as Endangered.

• Stellate Sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus): Documented in 76 cases. It is Critically Endangered.

• Russian Sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii): Reported in 39 cases. It is Critically Endangered.

• Beluga Sturgeon (Huso huso): Present in 32 cases. It is also Critically Endangered.

About World-Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)

The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) was founded in 1961 and originally called the World Wildlife Fund for Nature. Its panda logo, created in 1961, represents endangered species. WWF’s “Earth Hour” campaign started in 2007 and encourages global participation in climate action. The organization works in over 100 countries, focusing on wildlife conservation and reducing humanity’s ecological footprint. WWF is one of the largest conservation organizations in the world, funding over 1,300 conservation projects. It also promotes sustainable practices in agriculture and fishing industries.

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SpaceX and NASA Set Crew-9 Launch for August 18

Latest News International: 31st July 2024, UPSC Preparation

On July 26th, SpaceX and NASA announced they would send Crew-9 to the International Space Station (ISS) as early as August 18. This comes after the Federal Aviation Administration gave the go-ahead for SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rocket, which had been stopped because it failed in the middle of its flight.

Background on Falcon 9

The Falcon 9 is the world’s most popular and important rocket for many space projects. An important setback happened when a rocket failed in the middle of the trip, losing a payload of Starlink satellites. This was the first loss in more than seven years.

Upcoming Crew-9 Mission Details

NASA and SpaceX are getting ready for the ninth trip to the ISS where crews will switch places. Zena Cardman, Nick Hague, Stephanie Wilson, and Alexander Gorbunov, a Russian cosmonaut, will all be on the journey. They will be sent into space on top of a Falcon 9 rocket by the SpaceX Dragon ship.

Significance of the Mission

Crew-9 is an example of how NASA and SpaceX are continuing to work together to keep sending people to the ISS. It shows how far space technology has come and how strong SpaceX’s operational skills are after recent setbacks.

More About SpaceX

Elon Musk started SpaceX in 2002. In 2008, Falcon 1 was the first plane sent into orbit by a privately funded company. In 2012, its Dragon spacecraft was the first commercial ship to bring goods to the ISS. SpaceX was the first company to use reused rocket technology, which cut launch costs by a huge amount. This is one of the most powerful rockets. It was launched in 2018. Starlink wants to use satellites to connect everyone in the world to the internet. The Starship, which is made to travel between planets, is being built for future trips to Mars.

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India Assumes ADPC Chairmanship for 2024-25

Latest News International: 31st July 2024, UPSC Preparation

India will lead the Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) from 2024 to 2025, taking over from China on July 25, 2024, in Bangkok, Thailand. India has made a big step forward in disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate resiliency with this.

Significance of India’s Leadership

India’s appointment shows that it is becoming more important in global and regional attempts to manage disasters. The country’s dedication to DRR has grown stronger under Prime Minister Narendra Modi, making India a major player in this area.

The Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI)

The CDRI, which was started by Prime Minister Modi, is a key part of building infrastructure that can survive disasters. This project shows that India is taking the lead in making communities more resilient to disasters.

About the Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre (ADPC)

Capacity Building and Training: The Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre (ADPC) works to make 14 Asian countries more disaster-resistant by offering a wide range of training and capacity-building programs. The goal of these programs is to give local governments, communities, and organizations the skills and information they need to handle disaster risks and lower their impact.

Technological Integration and Early Warning Systems: The ADPC encourages the use of technology to make early warning systems better so that accurate and timely information can be shared during crises. This integration of technology helps communities and authorities react better, which makes disasters less likely to happen.

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Japan’s Sado Gold Mines Added to UNESCO World Heritage List

Latest News International: 31st July 2024, UPSC Preparation

On July 27, 2024, UNESCO added the Sado gold and silver mines in Japan to its World Heritage List after South Korea withdrew its objections. This inclusion is significant due to the historical context of forced labor during World War II, where Korean laborers were conscripted to work under harsh conditions.

Historical Background

The Sado mines have a long history, believed to have been operational since the 12th century. They continued producing gold and silver until after World War II. These mines are particularly notable for their traditional, artisanal mining techniques, which stand in contrast to the mechanized methods seen in European mines during the same period. This historical and cultural heritage, showcasing the evolution of mining technology and methods over several centuries, makes the Sado mines unique.

Controversy and Objections

South Korea initially opposed the UNESCO listing due to the use of Korean forced labor during Japan’s occupation of the Korean peninsula. During the war, Korean workers faced extremely harsh conditions, reportedly more severe than those experienced by their Japanese counterparts. This aspect of the mines’ history raised historical and ethical concerns, leading to South Korea’s initial objections.

UNESCO Listing Process

Japan advocated strongly for the Sado mines’ inclusion on the World Heritage List, emphasizing their cultural, historical, and archaeological significance. A key argument was the emphasis on preserving traditional mining activities and the unique social organization of the mining community that developed around the Sado mines. After years of diplomatic negotiations and advocacy, South Korea agreed to the listing on the condition that there would be a proper historical acknowledgment of the forced labor issues.

International Impact and Recognition

The addition of the Sado mines to the UNESCO list is part of a broader effort to recognize and commemorate historical mining sites in Japan. This UNESCO recognition aims to improve tourism and raise global awareness about the site’s cultural and historical importance. Additionally, it seeks to address historical injustices by ensuring that the darker aspects of the mines’ history, including the discriminatory labor practices during World War II, are not overlooked.

About Sado Gold and Silver Mines

• Historical Significance and Production: The Sado Gold and Silver Mines, located on Sado Island in Japan, began operations in the 17th century and were once among the country’s largest gold producers, especially prominent during the Edo period.

• Forced Labor and Unique Features: The mines utilized forced labor from political exiles and are known for their unique underground tunnels, some of which stretch over 2,000 meters, showcasing the extensive and arduous mining work that took place.

• Closure and UNESCO Nomination: Declining production led to the closure of the mines in 1989. Today, they are a UNESCO World Heritage nominee, emphasizing their historical and cultural significance in Japan’s complex mining history.

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India to have more contacts with Russia, Ukraine for peace efforts: Jaishankar

Latest News International: 30th July 2024

India will be involved in more contacts with Russia and Ukraine to find a peaceful resolution to the conflict because there aren’t many countries that are talking to both Moscow and Kyiv, external affairs minister S Jaishankar said on Monday.

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‘Will make position known at right time’: EAM Jaishankar on reports of PM Modi's Ukraine visit

Latest News International: 30th July 2024

On the reports of Prime Minister Narendra Modi's visit to Ukraine, External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar clarified that India, like any other government will make its position known at the right time, and through the right channel.

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US offers consultancy to India to build advanced drones under predator deal

Latest News International: 29th July 2024

Amid ongoing negotiations for the acquisition of 31 Predator drones, the United States has proposed to provide consultancy services to India for developing advanced unmanned aerial vehicles with enhanced surveillance and reconnaissance capabilities, officials said on Saturday.

Notably, India and the US have been in talks to finalise the deal, which aims to equip all three branches of the Indian Armed Forces with state-of-the-art drones to bolster surveillance and domain awareness. Of the 31 Predator drones, the Navy will get 15 birds and Air Force and Army will be getting eight each.

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Maldives Tourism Minister Ibrahim Faisal to visit India today

Latest News International: 29th July 2024

Maldives Tourism Minister Ibrahim Faisal is slated to visit India today to kick off a series of tourism roadshows under the "Welcome India" initiative. The campaign aims to reinforce the Maldives' status as a prime holiday destination for Indian travellers through a series of events in three major cities.

The roadshow schedule is the following:

1. New Delhi: July 30, 2024
2. Mumbai: August 1, 2024
3. Bangalore: August 3, 2024

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India – US Signed Cultural Property Agreement

Latest News International: 28th July 2024, UPSC Preparation

India and the US signed a deal on cultural property on July 26, 2024. The goal was to make it easier for them to work together to protect cultural heritage. Both countries have made a larger promise to return stolen artifacts and stop the illegal trade of cultural property, which includes this deal.

Purpose of the Agreement

The main goals of the Cultural Property Agreement between the United States and India are twofold:

1. Justice: It makes sure that culture items that belong to India are returned to the country.

2. Cultural Exchange: It helps people around the world understand Indian culture and shows how important it is to human history.

Signatories and Background

Gajendra Singh Shekhawat, who is Minister of Culture, was there when U.S. Ambassador Eric Garcetti and Indian Union Culture Secretary Govind Mohan signed the deal. It was signed after experts from both countries worked together to negotiate for almost two years.

International Framework

This deal is in line with the UNESCO Convention of 1970, which is meant to stop the illegal sending and receiving of cultural property. The U.S. has 29 bilateral agreements on cultural property, which show that it wants to protect cultural assets around the world.

Statements of Commitment

Ambassador Garcetti stressed how important this deal is for fairness and cultural understanding. He said again that the US was committed to saving cultural heritage around the world and making Indian culture more well-known. The Cultural Property Agreement between the United States and India is a big step toward working together to stop the illegal trade of cultural items. It also protects and honors cultural history for future generations.

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UK and India Launch New Technology Security Initiative

Latest News International: 28th July 2024, UPSC Preparation

The Governments of India and the UK just started the Technology Security Initiative (TSI). The goal is to improve their strategic relationship as technology becomes more important for national security and economic growth. This project shows that people are serious about working together more on important and new technologies.

Strategic Importance

The TSI shows that both the UK and India understand how important technology is for improving national security and boosting the economy. The India-UK Roadmap 2030 lists a number of areas where leaders from both countries want to work together, including technology.

Bilateral Mechanisms

Under the TSI, a two-way system will be set up, with the National Security Advisors (NSAs) of both countries in charge. This system will handle trade problems involving important and new technologies, allowing for a full discussion on the most important areas for cooperation.

Key Technology Areas

The TSI will focus on making it easier for people to work together in several areas, including

1. Telecoms: Creating a Future Telecoms Partnership to study Open RAN systems and improve telecom security.

2. Critical Minerals: Creating a community for critical minerals to make it easier for people to share data and come up with new ideas in the supply chain.

3. Semiconductors: Making it easier for businesses and universities to work together on chip design and advanced production.

4. Artificial Intelligence (AI): Working together to make sure that AI is used in an ethical and responsible way by having multilateral talks.

5. Quantum Technologies: Working together on projects that use quantum computing in a variety of fields.

6. Biotechnology and HealthTech: Making it easier for biotechnology and healthtech companies to work together on genomics, smart biosensors, and precise medicine that is ethical.

7. Advanced Materials: Pay attention to new ideas and rules in materials science, especially nanotechnology.

Political Engagement

India’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi has said that he is very committed to improving relations between India and the UK. This is especially true now that the Labour government is putting more emphasis on foreign partnerships. To deal with future problems and find ways for innovation and economic growth to help everyone, the TSI is a proactive step. The Technology Security Initiative is a big step toward strengthening the strategic partnership between the UK and India. It will encourage teams to work together to make progress in important technologies, which will improve national security and the economy.

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South Africa Passes its First Sweeping Climate Change Law

Latest News International: 27th July 2024, UPSC Preparation

President Cyril Ramaphosa of South Africa signed a major climate change act into law in October 2023. This law tries to limit the amount of pollution big polluters can make and requires every municipality to make a plan for dealing with climate change. This makes South Africa’s efforts more in line with the Paris Climate Agreement.

Objectives of the Climate Change Act

The main goal of the act is to cut down on greenhouse gas emissions, which are high in South Africa because the country gets most of its energy from coal. The country is one of the biggest producers of carbon dioxide and has been having a hard time meeting its goals for lowering pollution.

Legal Framework and Responsibilities

South Africa’s reaction to climate change has been written into domestic law for the first time. Every state and city must look at the risks that climate change poses and come up with a plan for how to deal with them. Also, emissions goals will be set for important areas like agriculture, transportation, and industry. To meet these targets, ministers in charge of those areas will have to take action.

Carbon Budget Allocations

The law sets up a carbon budget method for big companies that release a lot of greenhouse gases. Each big company that emits will have its pollution limited for a certain amount of time. Companies will have to pay more in carbon taxes if they go over this limit, even though it’s not illegal to do so.

Expectations and Challenges

When carbon budgets are put in place, experts expect big businesses to cut their pollution by a large amount. To make sure responsibility, reporting must be clear and honest. But the law will only work if clear rules for allocating resources are put in place and people are given money to help them switch to green energy sources. This act could mean a change in how the South African government deals with climate change, pointing to a more aggressive approach than in the past. Still, problems like not having enough money and clear plans for switching to green energy are already there.

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Digital Assets Ease Payment Issues Between Russia and China

Latest News International: 27th July 2024, UPSC Preparation

Digital assets are being used more and more in cross-border transactions between Russia and China. This is mostly because traditional banking has been slow for a long time because of international bans. Qifa, a digital tool, has come up as a way to solve these payment problems by using cryptocurrencies to speed up transactions.

Overview of Qifa

When Qifa was first started in 2013, its main goal was to bring Chinese goods into Russia. As the economies of the two countries changed and trade between them grew, Qifa changed its focus to make trade between the two countries easier in 2023.

Sanctions and Payment Delays

Because of the sanctions, bank transactions are taking a long time. Some payments are taking months. Chinese banks have made it harder for Russian companies that don’t know about these new rules to make payments because they have to follow more rules.

Use of Digital Assets

To deal with these problems, Qifa has turned to digital asset transactions, especially using the stablecoin Tether (USDT). By going around standard banking systems, this method of payment makes transactions possible quickly—often in just one day.

Legislative Developments

Russia is thinking about passing laws that would allow cryptocurrencies to be used in international trade. This would make deals involving digital assets even more legal and speed them up. Qifa is closely watching the rules in both Russia and China to make sure they are followed.

Compliance Issues

More checks for compliance have slowed down payments, which has made process times longer. One thing Qifa says is that many Russian businesses are starting to adjust to these rules, but problems still exist with paperwork and products that can be used for two different things. Qifa wants to go public on the Moscow Exchange and is looking into business chances in Kazakhstan and other former Soviet countries. This shows a bigger regional goal at a time when international trade is changing.

About Bilateral Trade

When two different countries trade with each other, this is called bilateral trade. It can make economic ties stronger, which usually leads to trade deals that lower taxes. In particular, trade between the US and China is very important and makes up a big part of all trade in the world. Foreign investment can grow with the help of bilateral trade deals. Surprisingly, about 60% of all trade in the world takes place through regional deals instead of bilateral ones. A lot of emerging countries also depend on trade between two countries to grow their economies.

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World’s Most Powerful Passports 2024: India ranks at 82nd

Latest News International: 26th July 2024, UPSC Preparation

According to the Henley Passport Index, Singapore’s passport is once again the most powerful in the world, granting visa-free entry to 195 amazing places. This position is a testament to Singapore’s robust diplomatic network and its citizens’ ease of movement around the world. India ranks 82nd, allowing visa-free entry to 58 countries.

Global Passport Rankings

• 1st Place: Singapore – 195 destinations

• Joint 2nd Place: France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain – 192 destinations

• Joint 3rd Place: Austria, Finland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, South Korea, Sweden – 191 destinations

• 4th Place: UK, Belgium, Denmark, New Zealand, Norway, Switzerland – 190 destinations

• 8th Place: USA – 186 destinations

• 82nd Place: India – 58 destinations (tied with Senegal and Tajikistan)

In 2014, the UK and USA jointly held first place in passport strength but have since declined in rankings. Notably, Afghanistan remains the weakest passport, offering access to only 26 countries.

Noteworthy Climbs and Drops

• UAE: Rose from 62nd to 9th, now with access to 185 destinations.

• China: Improved from 83rd to 59th, gaining access to 85 destinations.

• Ukraine: Jumped from 53rd to 30th with access to 148 destinations.

• Venezuela: Dropped from 25th to 42nd.

• Other countries like Yemen, Nigeria, and Syria also experienced declines.

• Bangladesh fell from 86th to 97th.

Access Discrepancies

There are large disparities in the strength of passports and the levels of openness in countries like as Nepal, Djibouti, Burundi, Sri Lanka, and Somalia. On the other hand, there is a substantial correlation between passport quality and access in nations like Barbados, Singapore, Barbados, Malaysia, and the Bahamas, where there are very few disparities.

About Henley Passport Index

The Henley Passport Index rates passports according to the amount of countries that do not require a visa in advance. It has been in operation since 2006 and gets its information from the IATA. At the top of the list, with access to 193 nations, are Japan and Singapore. Quarterly updates are made to the index. Afghans can visit only 27 countries without a visa, which is quite low. Discussions among governments regarding global mobility and travel freedom are impacted by the index. It also represents international accords and diplomatic ties.

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How Kamala Harris is hurtling towards presidency

Latest News International: 25th July 2024

She wasn't in the reckoning. But within a week, things changed dramatically for Kamala Harris. She has been endorsed by top Democrats as the presidential nominee and gets to inherit Biden's campaign treasure. A poll now shows her ahead of Republican Trump. Lotus could indeed be POTUS.

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Biden on ending re-election bid: Passing torch to new generation to unite country

Latest News International: 25th July 2024

US President Joe Biden explained his abrupt departure from the 2024 presidential race to Americans for the first time on Wednesday night in an Oval Office address.

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Israel Approves Bill Declaring UNRWA a Terrorist Organization

Latest News International: 24th July 2024, UPSC Preparation

The Israeli parliament (Knesset) gave preliminary support to a controversial bill on July 22, 2024, that would have called UNRWA a terrorist group. After being accused of working with Hamas, Israel has been campaigning against the UN agency, and this move is a big step up in that campaign.

The Bill’s Details

After its first reading, the suggested law will be talked over again by the foreign affairs and defense committees. The bill’s sponsor, Yulia Malinovsky, called UNRWA a “fifth column within Israel,” which shows that the organization and Israeli officials have long-standing problems.

UNRWA’s Role

UNRWA is in charge of giving millions of Palestinians in Gaza, the West Bank, and several nearby countries basic services like schooling, health care, and humanitarian aid. The agency has had tense relationships with Israel in the past, and things have gotten even worse since the war in Gaza started.

Accusations Against UNRWA

Israeli officials say that a lot of UNRWA workers are connected to terrorist groups, mostly Hamas and Islamic Jihad. But the Israeli government hasn’t shown proof of these claims to a separate U.N. study yet.

International Response

Because of Israel’s claims, some donor countries stopped giving money to UNRWA. However, many of them are now starting to give again. Britain just recently said that it would start paying again. The Israeli bill was criticized by both Hamas and the Palestinian Authority. Palestinian officials asked people around the world to fight any attempts to break up the UN organization.

About United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA)

• Establishment and Scope of Operations: The United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) was established in 1949 specifically to support Palestinian refugees. It operates in five areas: Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip, serving over 5 million registered refugees. UNRWA’s mandate includes providing essential services such as education, health care, and social services, emphasizing human rights and long-term development.

• Funding and Contributions: UNRWA relies on voluntary contributions, primarily from UN member states, to fund its operations. This financial model requires continuous support from the international community to sustain its programs and services for Palestinian refugees. The agency’s dependence on voluntary donations often leads to financial instability, impacting its ability to deliver consistent services.

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India Ranks Third in Global Forest Area Gains

Latest News International: 24th July 2024, UPSC Preparation

India has made great progress in protecting forests. From 2010 to 2020, 266,000 hectares of new forest will be added each year. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), this makes India the third country in the world in terms of forest area growth.

Global Forest Area Gains

China and Australia lead the rankings, having increased their forest areas by 1,937,000 and 446,000 hectares respectively. Other countries in the top ten include Chile, Vietnam, Turkey, the United States, France, Italy, and Romania.

India’s Initiatives

When India worked hard to fix up damaged lands and promote agroforestry using new ideas and new national policies meant to support these practices, the FAO praised the country.

Deforestation Trends

The FAO’s study shows that the rate of deforestation has gone down significantly in many parts of the world. In 2023, the rainforests in Indonesia shrank by 8.4%, and the rainforests in Brazil’s Amazon shrank by a shocking 50%. Climate change makes woods more vulnerable to wildfires and pests, even though there are some good signs. A big part of the world’s carbon emissions in 2021 came from boreal woods. In 2023, wildfires are expected to release 6,687 megatonnes of carbon dioxide into the air.

Mangrove Losses and Forest Health

The amount of gross world mangrove loss went down by 23% between 2000 and 2010 and will continue to go down until 2020. The FAO did say, though, that insects and diseases pose a major threat to U.S. forests, and they expect big losses by 2027.

About the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)

• Foundation and Membership: The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) was established in 1945 and comprises 194 member countries along with the European Union. The FAO’s headquarters is located in Rome, Italy. As a specialized agency of the United Nations, it is dedicated to leading international efforts to defeat hunger and improve nutrition and food security worldwide.

• Role and Initiatives: FAO plays a key role in combating hunger and improving nutrition through global initiatives such as the “Zero Hunger” goal. The organization also hosts the Codex Alimentarius Commission, which sets international food standards to ensure the safety and quality of food products. By monitoring food security and agricultural sustainability, the FAO provides critical data and analysis to support informed policy-making and effective interventions.

• Support and Development Projects: FAO actively supports rural development through various projects in over 130 countries. Its work encompasses a wide range of activities, from improving crop production and improving livestock management to promoting sustainable agricultural practices. These efforts aim to boost productivity, increase resilience to climate change, and improve the livelihoods of farmers and rural communities around the world.

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Bangladesh PM Sheikh Hasina blames opposition for job quota violence

Latest News International: 23rd July 2024

Bangladesh's Supreme Court on Sunday ordered scaling down quotas in state jobs, previously reserved for groups including families of freedom fighters, women and so-called disadvantaged groups, to 7 per cent from 56 per cent.

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Drug giants eye China for deals despite growing Sino-US tensions

Latest News: 23rd July 2024

Bristol Myers Squibb, Sanofi looking at China M&A -employees

AstraZeneca, Novartis have done China deals this year

*

Political risks are a consideration -analysts

By Andrew Silver and Kane Wu

SHANGHAI/HONG KONG, - Some of the biggest global drugmakers, undeterred by mounting Sino-U.S. tensions, are scouring for deals in China to replenish drug pipelines and boost their presence in the world's second-biggest pharmaceutical market, industry executives and investment bankers said.

Several major deals have already been completed this year, including AstraZeneca's $1.2 billion purchase of China-based cell therapy developer Gracell Biotechnologies and Novartis' acquisition of remaining shares of kidney disease therapy developer SanReno Therapeutics for an undisclosed amount.

Bristol Myers Squibb and Sanofi are also hunting for deals, according to company employees, even as some rivals have looked to exit China in the wake of COVID-related supply chain disruptions, a local economic slowdown and price cuts to get state insurance listing.

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Indian-American billionaire torches Donald Trump in exchange with Elon Musk

Latest News: 23rd July 2024

Indian-American tech billionaire Vinod Khosla clashed with Tesla CEO Elon Musk over former US President Donald Trump just minutes after President Joe Biden announced he was “standing down” from the presidential race.

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Microsoft update flaw triggers worldwide chaos

Latest News International: 22nd July 2024

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The Crowd Strike update flaw serves as a stark reminder of the vulnerabilities inherent in our increasingly digitized world. It highlights the need for improved quality control, robust backup systems, and enhanced cybersecurity measures to safeguard against similar incidents in the future. The recovery efforts and cooperation among affected entities demonstrate the importance of prompt and coordinated responses to mitigate the impact of such disruptions.

A recent faulty update by Crowd Strike, a Texas-based cybersecurity firm, caused significant global disruptions across multiple sectors, including aviation, banking, hospitals, TV channels, and telecommunications. This incident highlights the vulnerabilities in digital systems and the cascading effects of software errors.

• The update was part of the Falcon endpoint threat detection and response product developed by CrowdStrike. The faulty update resulted in Windows computers and servers entering a boot loop with a blue screen of death, causing widespread outages.

Impact on Aviation:

• Flights were briefly grounded in the United States and other countries.

• Airports worldwide, including major Indian cities like Bengaluru, Chennai, New Delhi, and Mumbai, experienced digital system failures, leading to manual passenger check-ins and handwritten boarding passes.

• Numerous flights were delayed or canceled, with IndiGo cancelling at least 283 flights over two days.

Impact on Other Sectors:

• Banking, telecommunications, hospitals, TV channels, and other industries faced significant disruptions.

• The Union government’s eOffice suite was impacted for two hours.

• Maruti Suzuki India Ltd briefly halted production and despatch operations.

Issues

• Software Reliability: The incident underscores the critical need for rigorous quality control in software updates, especially those related to cybersecurity.

• Dependency on Digital Systems: The heavy reliance on digital systems across sectors makes them vulnerable to software glitches.

• Response and Recovery: The necessity for manual intervention in recovery highlights the lack of automated and immediate solutions.

Significance

• Operational Disruption: The chaos caused by the update affected millions of users and critical infrastructure, showcasing the far-reaching consequences of software failures.

• Economic Impact: Flight delays, cancellations, and disruptions in various sectors likely resulted in significant economic losses.

• Cybersecurity Concerns: The incident raises questions about the robustness of cybersecurity measures and the potential for such failures to be exploited maliciously.

Solutions

• Enhanced Quality Control: Implementing more stringent testing and validation processes for software updates to prevent such incidents.

• Robust Backup Systems: Developing comprehensive backup and recovery systems to minimize downtime and ensure continuity of operations.

• Collaboration and Communication: Strengthening coordination between cybersecurity firms, software providers, and critical infrastructure entities to facilitate quick resolution and mitigation of such issues.

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India and a case for strategic autonomy

Latest News International: 21th July 2024

India’s commitment to strategic autonomy, despite U.S. concerns, underscores its pursuit of national interests amid shifting global dynamics. Balancing ties with Russia and the West, India seeks to maintain independent foreign policy choices in a multipolar world.

Introduction:

• On July 11, 2024, after Prime Minister Modi’s visit to Moscow, U.S. Ambassador Eric Garcetti stated that strategic autonomy is impractical during conflicts, emphasising the need for mutual understanding during crises.

• The Biden administration expressed concerns about Modi’s visit, especially as it coincided with a NATO summit, which reportedly disturbed the U.S. administration.

Stress Points and Historical Overview:

• Despite a steady strategic partnership between India and the U.S., recent stress points have emerged, particularly India’s stance on the Ukraine war.

• India maintained its strategic partnership with Russia, expanded energy cooperation, and refused to condemn the invasion, which the West viewed as support for Putin’s war.

• Ambassador Garcetti’s comment contradicts the principle of strategic autonomy, which involves making decisions based on national interests despite external pressures.

India’s Strategic Autonomy:

• India has consistently followed strategic autonomy since its Independence, adapting its foreign policy to serve its interests in a changing international system.

• Initially equidistant from both capitalist and communist blocs, India later strengthened ties with Moscow due to regional dynamics but retained strategic autonomy.

• Post-Cold War, India integrated more with the global economy and formed closer partnerships with the West while maintaining its independent stance.

Great Power Rivalry and Russia Policy:

• The global order is shifting, with the U.S. remaining powerful but facing competition from China and challenges from Russia.

• India aims to balance relationships with great powers without joining any alliance system, maintaining strategic autonomy as crucial.

• Energy ties with Russia are opportunistic, driven by cheap prices, while the defence partnership is structural, with a significant portion of India’s military equipment originating from Russia.

Positive-Sum Game Perspective:

• The U.S. should not view India’s strategic autonomy as unfriendly; India supports a multilateral global order and seeks a more representative international system.

• Strategic autonomy for India means greater engagement with various power centres based on informed national interest, viewing foreign policy as a positive-sum game where all parties can benefit.

• India’s energy trade with Russia helps stabilise global oil prices and its cooperation with Moscow can moderate Russia’s relationship with China, aligning with broader geopolitical interests.

Conclusion:

• India’s strategic autonomy reflects a nuanced foreign policy approach in a multipolar world, challenging the binary perspective of being either with or against a major power.

• This approach emphasizes India’s role in promoting a more balanced and representative global order.

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Mark Zuckerberg declines to endorse Donald Trump or Joe Biden for upcoming election

Latest News International: 20th July 2024

Mark Zuckerberg is staying neutral in the US presidential election, won't endorse Donald Trump or Joe Biden.

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Bangladesh protests its internal matter, India committed to citizens’ safety: MEA

Latest News International: 20th July 2024

Ministry of External Affairs spokesperson Randhir Jaiswal said Friday that there were around 15,000 Indians, including 8,500 students, currently residing there and they were all safe

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National Quantum Mission – Current Updates (July, 2024)

Latest News International: 20th July 2024, UPSC Preparation

India set up the National Quantum Mission in 2022 with a budget of Rs 6,000 crore, which is about $0.75 billion. India is now one of only a few countries that is actively spending in quantum technology in order to use it to solve problems in energy, healthcare, and other areas. India knows it needs to speed up its efforts to catch up to leading countries like China and the US in quantum sciences, even though it already has a strong study base in the field.

Understanding Quantum Technologies

Quantum technologies use the strange and often counterintuitive behavior of subatomic objects like electrons, which can be in more than one place at the same time (superposition) and be entangled over long distances. After being tested in many experiments, these qualities are now being used in real-world things like quantum computing, communications, sensors, and materials.

The Scale of Global Investment and Competitiveness

In the area of quantum science, China and the US are investing and producing a lot more than India. China is investing about $15 billion, while the US is investing about $3.75 billion, which is more than India is spending right now. These countries also do a lot more research and invention filings than India does. This makes the competition in this field very tough.

India’s Current Standing and Potential

India is not starting from scratch, even with these problems. In terms of the amount of students studying quantum topics, the country has more than China and the US combined. It also has strong research groups led by 110 to 145 senior scientists. Indian experts are the best at some things, like quantum communications and sensing. This shows that India might be able to close the technology and innovation gap in these areas.

Strategic Steps Forward

Many people see the National Quantum Mission as the start of a planned and serious effort to make India better at using quantum technologies. To help reach this goal, India should strongly encourage young people to become scientists. This could help the country build a devoted group of quantum scientists, similar to what it does in the atomic energy or space science fields. The goal of this strategic aim is to build an ecosystem that can finally lead to technological leadership and big economic gains. India wants to catch up to and maybe even beat its global competitors in quantum technologies by building on its current strengths and focusing on strategy development and working with other countries.

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Ivory Coast Joins UN Water Convention as 10th African Member

Latest News International: 20th July 2024, UPSC Preparation

With its recent membership, Ivory Coast became the 10th country in Africa to sign the UN Water Convention. This accession is very important because it makes it easier for everyone to work together to manage water resources better, which is especially important now that water shortages and the effects of climate change are getting worse in the area.

Background of the UN Water Convention

Its full name is the Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes. The UN Water Convention was created in 1992 mainly for the European area. In 2016, its goals were made more global so that all UN Member States could join and support the long-term management of shared water supplies.

Ivory Coast’s Water Resource Challenges

Ivory Coast shares eight transboundary river basins with its six neighboring countries. These areas have a lot of water stress. Climate change is making important rivers, like the Niger, very vulnerable, and their flows are expected to drop by a lot.

Importance of Cooperative Water Management

Countries must work together to make sure that transboundary waters are used in a way that doesn’t harm the environment. Because Ivory Coast is very vulnerable to climate change and doesn’t have a lot of water, joining the agreement should make it easier for countries in the region to work together on water management.

More About UN Water Convention

The “Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes,” as the UN Water Convention is legally known, was signed in 1992. It encourages sustainable control of water across borders. It has only been approved by 47 countries, mostly in Europe. The Convention stresses the fair and sensible use of shared water supplies. It motivates people to be involved in managing water. The 2016 change lets states that aren’t UN members join. UNECE is in charge of the staff. It also has rules for keeping the water clean and stopping waste.

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Von Der Leyen Re-elected as EU Commission President

Latest News International: 20th July 2024

The President of the European Commission, Ursula von der Leyen, was re-elected and will serve for another five years. 401 votes from the European Parliament supported her election, showing a large group of people who agree with her in the face of ongoing global problems.

Election Details

The secret vote took place in Strasbourg, and von der Leyen got a lot of support from the Greens, as well as from parties on the center-right, center-left, and liberal sides. This alliance helped her easily get more votes than the necessary majority of 361 votes.

Key Pledges

From der Leyen listed her main goals for the new term, which are:

• Defense Union: A promise to build a European Defense Union to make everyone safer, especially in light of Russia’s aggressiveness.

• Climate Policy: Moving forward with the European Green Deal, which aims to cut emissions by 90% by 2040 compared to 1990 levels.

• Competition in the Industrial Sector: Efforts to help European businesses switch to cleaner methods without hurting their ability to compete.

Response to Global Issues

Problems that her program tries to solve include:

• War in Ukraine:The West continues to back Ukraine against Russian military actions, saying that it is protecting European ideals and freedoms.

• Defense Reliance: Stressing that Europe needs to improve its defenses, especially since the US’s help is uncertain.

Controversies and Criticism

Russia did not like Von der Leyen’s ideas and called them attempts to make the country more militarized. At home, Parliament agreed with what she said about Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban’s diplomatic attempts, which shows how tense things are politically in Europe.

About Ursula von der Leyen

Ursula von der Leyen, who was born in 1958, will be the first woman to lead the European Commission when she starts her job in December 2019. Before, she was Germany’s Minister of Defense, which made her the first woman to fill that job. She is an educated doctor and has a background in economics as well. von der Leyen is skilled in English, French, and Dutch, among other languages. He has six children. She stressed the EU’s digital and green changes in 2021.

About European Union

• Formation and Membership: Established in 1993 by the Maastricht Treaty, the EU currently has 27 member states, with Brussels serving as its de facto capital.

• Economic and Monetary Union: The Euro is the official currency for 19 member countries, and the Maastricht criteria guide its adoption. The EU’s annual budget exceeds €160 billion, facilitating economic cooperation.

• Population and Achievements: With a population of over 447 million, the EU promotes peace and stability in Europe. It won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2012 for its efforts in improving reconciliation.

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Pelosi privately told Biden he can't beat Trump in 2024 presidential election

Latest News International: 19th July 2024

Former US House Speaker Nancy Pelosi privately told President Joe Biden that polling data suggests he cannot defeat Donald Trump in the 2024 election and that his bid for a second term could harm the Democratic Party's chances in the House. Biden pushed back, citing polls indicating he can win.

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19 killed in Bangladesh protests: 5 points on crisis in India's neighbourhood

Latest News International: 19th July 2024

As the quota protests and turmoil continue in Bangladesh, at least 19 people have reportedly been killed following nationwide clashes with security personnel. The stir that has left thousands injured, has crippled life in several cities in Bangladesh. The trains, metro, and the internet were hit. A TV station was torched too.

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Riots break out in UK's Leeds, bus set on fire, police car overturned

Latest News International: 19th July 2024

Riots broke out in Leeds's Harehills area with a bus being set on fire and several people throwing debris at it. The windows of a police car were smashed before the vehicle was flipped over. People were advised to avoid the area.

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India great power: Russian Foreign Minister slams pressure over Moscow ties

Latest News International: 18th July 2024

Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov praised India's independent stance on national interests and criticised the international pressure on New Delhi regarding its energy cooperation with Moscow.

MANAS – India’s First toll-free National Anti-Narcotics Helpline

Latest News International: 17th July 2024

The Union Home Minister, Amit Shah, is set to launch India’s first-ever toll-free national helpline for narcotics-related issues, termed MANAS (Madak Padarth Nisedh Asuchna Kendra), or the Narcotics Prohibition Intelligence Centre. The launch is set to happen on July 18 during the seventh meeting of the Narco-Coordination Centre (NCORD). The helpline, which has a specific phone number (1933) and an email address (info.ncbmanas@gov.in), is meant to give people a safe and easy way to report drug-related activities.

Objectives and Functioning of MANAS

MANAS is an all-in-one service that helps fight drug trafficking and related crimes. It does this by letting people report crimes directly through a website (ncbmanas.gov.in) and other methods. Crimes like illegal drug dealing, selling, buying, storing, making, and growing drugs or substances that make you feel high are what the focus is on. As required by the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act, the Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) will verify the information given by reporters and take action based on that information.

Integration and Impact

As ordered by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, this project is part of a larger plan by the central government to have a “zero tolerance” stance on drug abuse. India wants to be drug-free by 2047. This will be done by improving institutional frameworks, making it easier for drug agencies to work together, and running large-scale public awareness programs. Before the MANAS helpline was created, similar efforts used less available ways to get in touch, showing a big improvement in how people can talk to each other and how efficiently things work. This service is meant to be an important part of the national fight against drugs.

Strengthening the Anti-Narcotics Framework

At the same time that the MANAS helpline opens, the NCB’s new zonal office in Srinagar opens and the NCB’s annual report for 2023 is made public. Both of these events are important parts of ongoing efforts to improve anti-drug operations across the country. The NCORD system, which was set up in 2016 and improved in 2019, is a key part of this plan because it helps the national, state, and district levels work together. This is made even stronger by the creation of special task teams, drug disposal drives, and other programs that aim to stop the drug problem in India.

About Narco-Coordination Centre (NCORD)

The Narco-Coordination Center (NCORD) was opened in 2021 in Maharashtra, India. It helps law enforcement agencies work together to fight drug crime. NCORD uses digital platforms to share information and coordinate actions from different offices, like the Narcotics Control Bureau, police, and customs. Through real-time information and coordinated law enforcement efforts, the center hopes to stop drug abuse and trafficking from getting worse. This project shows that the Indian government is taking action to stop the drug problem from getting worse. The “war on drugs” order from the government tells NCORD how to run its business.

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New High-Efficacy Malaria Vaccine Launched in Cote d’Ivoire

Latest News International: 17th July 2024

The introduction of the R21/Matrix-M vaccine in Cote d’Ivoire was a big step forward in the fight against malaria around the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) approved the vaccine last year, and this is the first time it has been given to everyone in the country.

Development and Approvals

Novavax contributed its Matrix-M adjuvant technology to the R21/Matrix-M vaccine, which was made by the University of Oxford and the Serum Institute of India (SII). It was put through strict WHO regulatory and clinical tests that proved it worked and was safe.

Manufacturing and Distribution

The vaccine is highly effective and only needs a small dose, which makes it possible to make a lot of them quickly. Already, 25 million doses have been made, and plans are in place to make that number 100 million doses a year. Also worth mentioning is how cheap it is—each dose costs less than USD 4.

Rollout and Impact

Cote d’Ivoire was the first country to use R21/Matrix-M. The goal is to vaccinate about 250,000 children ages 0 to 23 months in 16 areas. According to recent sources, malaria kills about four people a day in the country, mostly young children. This could cut that number down by a huge amount. Aside from Côte d’Ivoire, the vaccine has also been approved in Ghana, Nigeria, Burkina Faso, and the Central African Republic. The release of R21/Matrix-M and another vaccine called RTS,S is projected to save tens of thousands of lives every year. With help from Gavi, 15 African countries plan to use this vaccine by 2024. This will protect about 6.6 million children over two years.

About Serum Institute of India

• The Serum Institute of India, founded in 1966 by Cyrus Poonawalla, is the world’s largest vaccine manufacturer by number of doses produced.

• It is headquartered in Pune, India, and was originally set up to manufacture immunobiologicals.

• The company played a pivotal role during the COVID-19 pandemic by mass-producing the Covishield vaccine, a version of the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine.

• Notably, Serum Institute also produces vaccines for polio, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, BCG, r-Hepatitis B, measles, mumps, and rubella.

• Its facility in Pune is the world’s largest vaccine factory in terms of doses produced and sold globally.

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PM Modi – Most Followed Leader on X with over 100 Million Followers

Latest News International: 17th July 2024, UPSC Preparation

Prime Minister Narendra Modi now has more than 100 million followers on the social media site X. This makes him the most followed world leader on this site. With this important accomplishment, he stands ahead of other famous people around the world, such as US Vice President Joe Biden and Pope Francis.

Modi’s Rapid Growth

In the past three years, about 30 million more people have started following PM Modi on platform X, which is a huge jump. This increase shows how influential he is becoming and how interesting his online presence is.

Engagement and Popularity

Not only do other politicians and leaders connect with PM Modi’s ideas, but so do celebrities, sports, and regular people around the world. His fans are bigger than those of famous Indian politicians like Rahul Gandhi and Arvind Kejriwal, as well as foreign stars like Taylor Swift and sports stars like Virat Kohli.

Strategic Use of Platform X

Narendra Modi has been constantly interacting with his followers on platform X since 2009. He does not use paid promotions or bots and instead talks to them directly. His easygoing and interactive online persona is a big reason for his huge rise in fame. PM Modi has a lot of followers, which not only makes him more visible but also makes it easier for him to connect with other world leaders and improves their social media metrics. This interaction strengthens his position on the world stage and shows how smart he is at using digital tools to connect people around the world.

About Narendra Modi

• Early Life and Education: Narendra Modi was born on September 17, 1950, in Vadnagar, India. He helped his father sell tea at the local railway station and later completed a Master’s degree in Political Science from Gujarat University. Before entering politics, Modi was deeply involved with the RSS, a nationalist volunteer organization.

• Political Career and Milestones: Modi has been serving as the Prime Minister of India since 2014, representing the BJP party. Notably, he implemented the controversial demonetization policy in 2016 to combat corruption and illegal cash flows. He also inaugurated the world’s tallest statue, the Statue of Unity in Gujarat, standing 182 meters tall, in 2018.

• Recognition and Controversies: Modi is India’s first Prime Minister who was born after the country got its freedom in 1947. His entry into the US was limited until 2014 because of claims he was involved in the 2002 riots in Gujarat, but this was lifted when he became Prime Minister. Awarded the Champions of the Earth Award by the United Nations in 2018, it is the highest environmental prize given by the UN. Speaking to the nation about different problems on his monthly radio show, “Mann Ki Baat,” which has been very popular since 2014.

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Philippines Chosen to Host U.N. Climate Fund Board

Latest News International: 16th July 2024, UPSC Preparation

The Philippines was recently chosen to house the board of the “Loss and Damage” fund. This is a big step toward helping people who have been hurt by climate change. This choice was made during talks at the United Nations, which were mostly about giving money to countries that are being hit hard by global warming. Following that, the World Bank agreed earlier that month to oversee this fund for four years temporarily.

Concerns Over Hosting

Some countries had problems with the World Bank’s job as the temporary host. People were worried that funding countries, especially the US, which has a lot of power over the World Bank, might have too much of an effect. This worry shows how complicated international financial systems and diplomacy around the world are.

The Philippines’ Role and Responsibilities

Since they were picked from a group of seven candidates, the Philippines has a big role to play in making climate policy. As President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. said, this job supports the country’s dedication to allowing everyone to participate in global climate discussions. As an island that is often hit by typhoons and other natural disasters, the Philippines is about to bring much-needed attention to the climate problems in the Asia-Pacific region.

Legislative and Operational Steps

Before the Philippines can truly take on this hosting role, it needs to pass the necessary laws. No specific date has been given for when the Philippines will start doing its job. At this growth stage, changes to local government and diplomatic interactions between countries are very important.

Expected Leadership from the Philippines

With its new position, the Philippines is expected to show a lot of political leadership by pushing developed countries to accept and take action on their past climate damage impacts. The Philippines needs to push for reparations and stronger promises from richer countries, as Lidy Nacpil of APMDD has said. Overall, the Philippines’ holding of the “Loss and Damage” fund board is a major step toward better global cooperation and support for countries dealing with the terrible effects of climate change. The next task is to put this framework into action and make sure it helps people who need it the most.

About Loss and Damage fund

The “Loss and Damage” fund was set up at the COP27 UN Climate Change Conference in 2022 to help countries that are weak and have been hit by natural disasters. With a focus on the economic and non-economic effects in emerging countries, it talks about “loss and damage” as opposed to “mitigation and adaptation.” Even though it has support from around the world, the fund’s operations and funding sources are still not clear in early 2023. This plan is a big step forward in climate talks because it recognizes that developed countries are responsible for past pollution that hurt poorer countries more than they hurt rich countries. International discussions about contributions and governance systems are still going on.

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Wolbachia Bacteria

Latest News International: 16th July 2024, UPSC Preparation

One of the most important studies ever published by Shenyang Agricultural University (SAU) in June showed how Wolbachia bacteria have changed the wasp Encarsia formosa’s reproductive system, creating groups of only females. This finding is very important, especially for biological pest control, since E. formosa feeds on destructive whiteflies in farms.

Historical Background

American researchers Marshall Hertig and Simeon Burt Wolbach were the first to notice the link between Wolbachia bacteria and arthropods one hundred years ago. It was noticed that these bacteria lived inside bug cells, which turned out to be a common occurrence in many arthropods.

Understanding Wolbachia’s Impact

Wolbachia bacteria can only be passed down through female insects because they are found in eggs but not sperm. Because of this, the bacteria are more likely to reproduce with females than with males, which can change the ratio of males to females in host groups.

Mechanism of Male Elimination in E. formosa

Scientists at SAU saw that E. formosa wasps in the wild almost always had female babies. More tests in the lab showed that giving antibiotics like tetracycline to female wasps caused them to produce more male offspring—almost 70% of the offspring. This showed that normal amounts of Wolbachia caused chromosomes to double in wasp eggs that hadn’t been fertilized, which mostly led to female growth. The antibiotic treatment lowered the amount of Wolbachia, which let the eggs turn into boys. Wolbachia Saves Genetics The SAU study also found that the wasp’s genome is missing important parts of a gene (tra) that is needed for female growth. Interestingly, Wolbachia makes up for this loss by giving the wasp eggs a working tra gene that it gets from transferring genes from another insect order. This lets the eggs grow into female wasps.

Potential Challenges and Future Directions

Concerns about the species’ long-term survival are raised by the fact that there are no males in natural communities. Males raised in labs after antibiotic treatment were not interested in or able to mate, which suggests that long-term absence may have caused genetic or behavioral changes that can’t be undone. More study needs to be done to find out if these males can reproduce and if any natural, rare male occurrences can help gene exchange to stop bad genetic mutations from building up.

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Germany to Phase Out Huawei, ZTE in 5G Networks

Latest News International: 16th July 2024, UPSC Preparation

Germany has said it wants to slowly remove parts of its 5G network equipment that were made by Chinese telecom companies Huawei and ZTE. This choice was made to protect national security and is part of a larger plan to make the economy less dependent on Beijing. The move is similar to what the European Union said about the security risks that could come from relying too much on Chinese technology. German officials have stressed how important it is to protect important information networks, calling cyberattacks an existential threat.

Agreements with Operators

To make this change, Germany has worked with its own 5G network providers to come to deals that will replace the Chinese parts with healthier ones.

Responses from Huawei and Beijing

Huawei has denied the claims, saying there is no solid proof that their technologies pose a threat to safety. At the same time, the Chinese embassy in Berlin said that this move was wrong because it was based on false accusations.

Apple’s EU Settlement

Another important event is that Apple has decided to let outsiders use the technology behind Apple Pay. The European Union started an antitrust investigation in 2020 to see if Apple unfairly stopped competitors from entering the market for payment services. This ruling ends that investigation. This deal does not, however, cover technologies in the Apple Watch.

FTC Action Against NGL

On a different note, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has hit NGL, an anonymous texting app, hard. Teens were told this app was a safe place, but it was found to break child privacy and consumer protection laws, so people under 18 aren’t allowed to use it. Also, dishonest activities were found, such as the sending of fake texts to users to trick them into paying for something. For these violations to be over, a large settlement with fines has been reached. In short, these events have caused big changes in the worlds of technology, defense, and government actions. These changes have effects on business operations and policymaking across borders.

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IMF Agrees to $7 Billion Loan Program for Pakistan

Latest news international 15th July 2024

UPSC preparation

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and Pakistan reached a deal on July 12, 2024, for a $7 billion loan program that will last for 37 months. The main goal of this Extended Fund Facility program is to help Pakistan, a country that has had a lot of economic problems, become more stable and grow in a way that benefits everyone.

Approval and Conditions

The IMF has said that the new program can’t start until its Executive Board agrees to it. Pakistan also needs to get “timely confirmation of necessary financing assurances” from important developmental and bilateral partners like China, the United Arab Emirates, and Saudi Arabia. These assurances could include loan rollovers or payments.

Background of Negotiations

This deal was discussed in May after a short-term $3 billion scheme was successfully finished. This earlier scheme was very important for stabilizing Pakistan’s economy and keeping the country from defaulting on its debt.

Economic Reforms and Aims

Nathan Porter, head of the IMF mission in Pakistan, said that the goal of the new program is to build on the “hard-won macroeconomic stability” of the past year. To encourage growth driven by the private sector, efforts will be focused on improving the economy’s health, lowering inflation, building up external buffers, and getting rid of economic flaws.

Fiscal Targets and Economic Challenges

To get ready for the IMF program, Pakistan has set a high tax income goal of 13 trillion rupees ($47 billion) for the fiscal year that starts on July 1. This is almost 40% more than the previous year’s goal. Pakistan’s economy has been unstable in the past, which is why it has needed 22 IMF bailouts since 1958. Pakistan is still the IMF’s fifth-biggest customer, with $6.28 billion in loans still due as of mid-July 2023. This project shows that the Pakistani government, led by Ali Pervaiz Malik, Minister of State for Finance, Revenue, and Power, is still working to keep the economy growing and the finances stable. Malik has stressed how important it is to finalize the new loan agreement before the IMF Executive Board’s annual August break. However, the exact time that the board will consider the deal is still unknown.

(NNI / Latest news / Latest news india / India latest news)

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Philippines Chosen to Host U.N. Climate Fund Board

Latest news international 15th July 2024

UPSC preparation

The Philippines was recently chosen to house the board of the “Loss and Damage” fund. This is a big step toward helping people who have been hurt by climate change. This choice was made during talks at the United Nations, which were mostly about giving money to countries that are being hit hard by global warming. Following that, the World Bank agreed earlier that month to oversee this fund for four years temporarily.

Concerns Over Hosting

Some countries had problems with the World Bank’s job as the temporary host. People were worried that funding countries, especially the US, which has a lot of power over the World Bank, might have too much of an effect. This worry shows how complicated international financial systems and diplomacy around the world are.

The Philippines’ Role and Responsibilities

Since they were picked from a group of seven candidates, the Philippines has a big role to play in making climate policy. As President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. said, this job supports the country’s dedication to allowing everyone to participate in global climate discussions. As an island that is often hit by typhoons and other natural disasters, the Philippines is about to bring much-needed attention to the climate problems in the Asia-Pacific region.

Legislative and Operational Steps

Before the Philippines can truly take on this hosting role, it needs to pass the necessary laws. No specific date has been given for when the Philippines will start doing its job. At this growth stage, changes to local government and diplomatic interactions between countries are very important.

Expected Leadership from the Philippines

With its new position, the Philippines is expected to show a lot of political leadership by pushing developed countries to accept and take action on their past climate damage impacts. The Philippines needs to push for reparations and stronger promises from richer countries, as Lidy Nacpil of APMDD has said. Overall, the Philippines’ holding of the “Loss and Damage” fund board is a major step toward better global cooperation and support for countries dealing with the terrible effects of climate change. The next task is to put this framework into action and make sure it helps people who need it the most.

About Loss and Damage fund

The “Loss and Damage” fund was set up at the COP27 UN Climate Change Conference in 2022 to help countries that are weak and have been hit by natural disasters. With a focus on the economic and non-economic effects in emerging countries, it talks about “loss and damage” as opposed to “mitigation and adaptation.” Even though it has support from around the world, the fund’s operations and funding sources are still not clear in early 2023. This plan is a big step forward in climate talks because it recognizes that developed countries are responsible for past pollution that hurt poorer countries more than they hurt rich countries. International discussions about contributions and governance systems are still going on.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to Moscow

Latest news international 14th July 2024

UPSC preparation

Prime Minister Modi’s visit to Moscow, while reinforcing India-Russia ties, has highlighted the challenges of maintaining a balanced diplomatic stance in a highly polarized global environment. India’s task moving forward will be to assert its independent foreign policy while managing its relationships with both Western allies and Russia, ensuring that its long-term national interests are safeguarded.

Background

• Bilateral Focus: The visit was projected to emphasize the bilateral relationship between India and Russia, with a strong focus on economic and trade ties.

• Global Impact: Despite its bilateral nature, the visit had global repercussions due to the ongoing war in Ukraine and the geopolitical tensions involving Russia.

Outcomes of the Visit

• Reaffirmation of Ties: The visit underscored the strong India-Russia relationship and the personal rapport between Modi and Putin.

• Economic Engagement: A bilateral trade target of $100 billion by 2030 was announced, driven by India’s increased oil imports from Russia at discounted rates due to Western sanctions.

• Civilian Award: Modi received Russia’s highest civilian award, highlighting the significance of the visit.

• Military and Defense: Unlike previous visits, no new military purchases were announced, partly due to delays in existing deals and the desire to avoid international censure.

• Conflict Statement: Modi emphasized that there is “no solution on the battlefield” to the Ukraine conflict, reflecting a balanced stance.

Issues

• Optics and Timing: The visit coincided with a devastating missile attack in Ukraine and a summit in Washington aimed at showcasing Russia’s isolation, leading to criticism of Modi’s trip.

• International Criticism: Both the U.S. State Department and Ukraine openly criticized the visit, complicating India’s diplomatic relations with the West.

• Geopolitical Balancing: India’s need to maintain its independent foreign policy stance while navigating the pressures from both the Western bloc and its longstanding relationship with Russia.

Significance

• Economic Gains: Strengthening economic ties with Russia, particularly in energy imports, is crucial for India’s energy security and economic interests.

• Diplomatic Stance: The visit highlights India’s attempt to balance its diplomatic relations, asserting its independent stance in a polarized world.

• Global Perception: The optics of the visit amidst global tensions reflect the complex nature of international diplomacy and India’s role in it.

Solutions

• Diplomatic Engagement: India needs to engage in robust diplomatic efforts to mitigate any potential damage to its relations with the U.S. and Europe.

• Balanced Communication: Clearly communicate India’s stance on the Ukraine conflict and its reasons for maintaining strong ties with Russia to the international community.

• Strategic Partnerships: Continue to strengthen strategic partnerships with other global players to diversify diplomatic and economic engagements.

Why are dengue cases on the rise worldwide?

Dengue cases are surging globally and in India due to urbanization, climate change, and favourable breeding conditions for Aedes mosquitoes. Significant outbreaks in Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu highlight the urgent need for enhanced surveillance, immediate response, and community education.

Context: Surge in Dengue Cases in India

• Significant Increases in Southern States: Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu have seen substantial rises in dengue cases.

• Current Statistics: As of April 30, India recorded 19,447 cases and 16 deaths, with Kerala and Tamil Nadu leading. Karnataka now has 7,840 cases and seven deaths, with 293 new cases reported on July 10.

Global Dengue Situation:

• WHO Reports: Over 7.6 million dengue cases were reported worldwide as of April 30, 2024, with 3.4 million confirmed cases, 16,000 severe cases, and over 3,000 deaths.

• Widespread Transmission: 90 countries have active dengue transmission. The Americas, Southeast Asia, and the Western Pacific are the most affected, with Asia bearing 70% of the global burden.

• Emerging Areas: Dengue is spreading to new regions in Europe, the Eastern Mediterranean, and South America.

Factors Contributing to Dengue Spread:

• Environmental Factors: Monsoon seasons create suitable conditions for Aedes mosquito breeding. Urbanisation and population movements also contribute significantly.

• Changing Patterns: Shifts in the distribution of Aedes aegypti, human activities, and climate change-induced weather patterns are increasing dengue epidemic risks.

Dengue Transmission and Treatment:

• Transmission: Dengue virus is primarily transmitted through the bite of infected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.

• Symptoms and Management: Acute febrile illness with symptoms such as headache, pain, rash, and hemorrhagic manifestations. Treatment involves symptomatic and supportive care for those without complications.

Historical and Regional Patterns in Tamil Nadu:

• Historical Outbreaks: Dengue-like illness was first recorded in Madras in 1780; the virus was isolated in 1945.

• Cyclical Outbreaks: Tamil Nadu experiences dengue outbreaks every five years, with the last occurring in 2017.

• Current Situation and Response: Seasonal variations and the building up of susceptible populations lead to more cases. Surveillance, immediate response, and community education are critical to controlling outbreaks.

Romania, Bulgaria, Greece Boost NATO Eastern Flank Mobility

Romania, Bulgaria, and Greece signed a strategic deal on July 11. All three countries are members of NATO and the EU. This deal will make it easier for troops and weapons to move quickly across their lines, especially along NATO’s eastern flank. Russia’s aggressive invasion of Ukraine in 2022 has made people in NATO and EU countries even more worried about their safety, which makes this choice even more important.

About NATO’s Eastern Lank

• Strategic Importance: NATO’s eastern flank, which is very important for European security, is made up of countries like Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and others that border Russia and Belarus directly. Since Russia took over Crimea in 2014, this area has been the center of increased defense.

• Enhanced Defense Measures: In response, NATO sent multinational battlegroups to the Baltic states and Poland as part of the Enhanced Forward Presence. Defense Europe 20 and other large military drills show how important it is from a strategic point of view.

• Airspace Protection: Due to Russian military operations, the area sees a lot of air intercepts. Furthermore, NATO’s Air Policing tasks protect the airspace integrity of its eastern members.

The Need for Swift Military Mobility

Russia’s recent actions in Ukraine have made it clear how important it is for NATO and the EU to speed up their armed responses and readiness. To prepare for possible threats, these groups have stressed how important it is to get rid of the bureaucratic delays that make it hard for military troops to move across Europe right now.

Details of the Agreement

The deal was part of larger talks at the NATO summit in Washington, D.C., that aimed to set up a military mobility corridor that worked well for everyone. To do this, the best road and train routes will have to be chosen so that military logistics and movements between Romania, Bulgaria, and Greece can happen quickly and easily. The goal is to make military operations easier by cutting down on paperwork during normal times. This will allow for quick deployment in case of an emergency.

Additional Collaborative Efforts

The three states want to connect the Aegean and Black Seas by combining their marine facilities and making good supply lines. This union is very important because Romania and Bulgaria are already working with Turkey to deal with threats from sea mines in the Black Sea. Also, the defense ministers of both Romania and Bulgaria have taken steps to set up a regional command center for special operations. This project will make it a lot easier for NATO’s special operations troops to plan and run operations in the strategically important Black Sea region.

Why Indo-Pacific Countries are Joining the NATO Summit?

Why Indo-Pacific Countries are Joining the NATO Summit?

The recent NATO summit held in Washington included the Indo-Pacific Four (IP-4): Japan, South Korea, New Zealand, and Australia. This shows how NATO’s strategy has changed because of new global risks, like the tension over Taiwan and closer cooperation between Russia and China. These countries are taking part because they are worried about China’s actions and goals in the area, which could upset the balance of power in the world.

About NATO

• Establishment and Membership: NATO, or the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, was established on April 4, 1949. It originally included 12 countries and has since grown to 30 members.

• Collective Defense and Military Action: Article 5 of NATO says that an attack on one country is an attack on all. This article has only been used once, after the September 11 attacks in the United States. The first time NATO sent troops into battle was in Bosnia in the 1990s.

• Standardization and Headquarters: The NATO script was created to make military communication more uniform, but it is now used all over the world. The group’s main office is in Brussels, Belgium, and its secretary-general is replaced every few months.

NATO’s Strategy and Its Expansion Beyond the North Atlantic

NATO used to only be concerned with security in the Euro-Atlantic area, but as risks around the world have changed, it has slowly grown to include more areas. Because Russia and China are becoming bigger problems, the 2023 meeting stressed how important the Indo-Pacific is to the politics of the Euro-Atlantic region. In addition to protecting the “rules-based international order,” NATO is now also working to stop China from using force, and it is tackling structural threats to European security.

Indo-Pacific Alignment with NATO Objectives

NATO is building ties with non-member countries in the Indo-Pacific to improve global security, even though it is usually an alliance between countries in the Euro-Atlantic region. This includes projects that bring together people from different fields to work on new areas like cybersecurity, AI, and fighting misinformation. This change also backs up larger U.S. plans to work together with Indo-Pacific forces more closely, which makes NATO even better at adapting to the needs of global security.

European Involvement in the Indo-Pacific Region

Even though European involvement in the Indo-Pacific is growing, it is still pretty low-key. For example, the U.K. is a part of the AUKUS deal, and Europe’s military is only sometimes present in the area. But some NATO members and Indo-Pacific countries are worried that NATO’s reach is growing too far beyond its original regional focus.

Future Perspectives on NATO and the Indo-Pacific

Since things are getting worse in the area, especially around Taiwan, NATO may play a bigger role there. Some people say that a strong NATO in Europe could give the U.S. more time to deal with growing problems in the Indo-Pacific. Still, some people aren’t sure what the real effects of NATO’s role in Asian conflicts are. They say that the European militaries aren’t as strong as they could be because of a history of underinvestment and their need for U.S. help with logistics. The main point is that NATO’s growing attention on the Indo-Pacific shows how global security problems are linked and how the roles of international alliances in keeping different areas stable are changing.

India Ranks Fifth in Global Generative AI Innovations

New research shows that India is fifth in the world when it comes to innovations in. India is behind China, the US, Republic of Korea, and Japan in terms of the number of GenAI patents it publishes each year. However, it stands out because of its fast yearly growth rate. India now has more rights in this area than either the UK or Germany, with 1,350 issued between 2014 and 2023. Indian companies like RN Chidakashi Technologies and Tata Consultancy Services have made important contributions to new ideas in retail AI and contract management, respectively.

Global Patent Landscape

This list is in order:

• China has 38,210 patents,

• the US has 6,276 patents,

• the Republic of Korea has 4,155 patents,

• Japan has 3,409 patents.

India is responsible for only 3% of the world’s GenAI patents, but the number of patents it publishes each year grows by an amazing 56%.

Impact of Recent Technological Advancements

When transformer models came out in 2017, they pushed the limits of GenAI technologies. New apps like ChatGPT came out in 2022, which led to even more innovation and patent action in this area. In 2017, GenAI patents made up 4.2% of all AI patents. By 2023, they would make up 6.1%. A lot of GenAI inventions were discovered in 2023, which shows that research and development are moving very quickly.

India’s Strategic Growth and Global Impact

Almost all GenAI patents (98%) were filed in India, which shows that the company is growing quickly in that country. An EY study from May says that GenAI could increase India’s GDP by $359–438 billion by 2030. This means that GenAI will have a big effect on the economy shortly. The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) launched the Global IndiaAI Summit on July 3, 2024, as part of this potential. This event showed India’s strategic move toward a global, cooperative approach to managing AI risks and encouraging international cooperation.

Patent Strategy and Regulatory Framework

Even though there are a lot of new ideas, a clear set of rules is still important for AI to grow. The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) has pointed out how advanced China’s patent system is. India’s task now is to create an environment for AI intellectual property that encourages innovation while balancing legal and moral concerns. India is on a good track to big economic growth and international cooperation in artificial intelligence thanks to its all-around approach to understanding and using GenAI technologies.

Putin accepts Modi’s request to release Indian military recruits

Russian President Vladimir Putin has agreed to Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s request to discharge Indian soldiers serving in Ukraine, following intense diplomatic efforts. This decision, alongside agreements on increased bilateral trade and cooperation, marks a significant development in India-Russia relations.Introduction:

• Russian President Vladimir Putin has accepted Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s request to discharge Indian soldiers serving in Ukraine.

• The discharge is expected to take place within weeks from various deployment locations.

• This decision follows Modi’s direct intervention during a private dinner and subsequent talks.

Diplomatic Efforts and Background:

• The issue was raised by the Indian Embassy in Moscow and External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar during the SCO Summit in Astana.

• Foreign Secretary Vinay Kwatra confirmed Modi’s strong stance on the return of all Indian military recruits.

• The demand for discharge grew due to recruitment on false promises of high salaries and Russian residency papers.

Rising Concerns and Government Response:

• Hyderabad MP Asaduddin Owaisi highlighted the issue in Parliament, noting the increasing pressure on the government.

• The Ministry of External Affairs acknowledged the problem, initially downplaying it but later admitting to at least 50 Indian men serving in the conflict.

• Four Indian recruits have been killed, and several have received discharge papers awaiting formal release.

Bilateral Trade and Agreements:

• Modi and Putin agreed to increase bilateral trade to $100 billion by 2030, focusing on using national currencies.

• Cooperation projects in Russia’s Far East and a joint vision statement on trade and economic cooperation were discussed.

• MoUs on climate change, polar research, legal arbitration, and pharmaceutical certification were signed.

Economic and Diplomatic Developments:

• Modi announced the opening of Indian consulates in Kazan and Yekaterinburg.

• Bilateral trade already stands at around $65 billion, with a significant increase due to discounted Russian crude imports.

• The focus on economic issues marked a shift from previous summits centred on military supplies and strategic partnerships.

Defence and Strategic Partnerships:

• Delays in defence supplies were discussed, with a commitment to explore the co-production of defence equipment.

• Modi accepted Russia’s highest civilian honour, the Order of St Andrew the Apostle.

• Modi was invited to the first “Extended BRICS” summit in Kazan in the coming months.

Diplomatic solution to the Russia-Ukraine conflict

The ongoing brutality of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, marked by missile strikes on civilian targets and incremental territorial gains, highlights the urgent need for dialogue. With military solutions elusive, global leaders call for both sides to pursue peaceful negotiations.

Introduction:

• Russia’s missile strikes across Ukraine on 8 July resulted in at least 38 deaths.

• Civilian locations, including the Okhmatdyt Children’s Hospital in Kyiv, were hit.

• Russia claims to target military and industrial bases, but civilian areas are also heavily affected.

• The attack coincides with a NATO summit in Washington discussing long-term military aid for Ukraine.

Recent Territorial Gains and Challenges:

• Russia has made incremental gains in Kharkiv Oblast and Donetsk.

• Ukrainian forces withdrew from a neighbourhood in Chasiv Yar.

• Despite some advances, Russia’s capabilities are questioned due to the lack of dramatic gains.

• Ukraine continues to target Russian ships, energy depots, and border regions with drones.

The Need for Dialogue:

• Neither side seems capable of finding a military solution.

• Ukraine faces difficulty in pushing Russian troops out of captured territories.

• Russia’s aggression has strengthened NATO, which has expanded and committed to long-term assistance for Ukraine.

• World leaders, including China’s President Xi Jinping and India’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi, call for talks.

• Both Russia and Ukraine are encouraged to pursue dialogue to end the conflict.

The innate limitations in executing iCET

Despite promising talks, the Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technologies (iCET) faces significant challenges due to U.S. defence companies’ reluctance to transfer technology and strict export controls, hindering progress and potentially replicating past failures like the DTTI

Introduction:

• Despite productive talks between National Security Adviser Ajit Doval and U.S. counterpart Jake Sullivan, the Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technologies (iCET) faces structural challenges.

• Issues mainly involve the autonomy of U.S. defence companies in transferring costly, Washington-developed technologies.

• Strict U.S. export control laws hinder the sharing of military technologies via joint ventures, even when strategically beneficial.

Current Focus of iCET:

• iCET’s defence component includes local manufacturing of General Electric GE F-414INS6 engines for Tejas Mk-II light combat aircraft.

• Plans to locally assemble 31 armed MQ-9 Reaper/Predator-B UAVs for $3 billion are also in progress.

• Negotiations for transferring 80% of F-414 engine technology to Hindustan Aeronautics Limited exclude critical turbine forging metallurgy.

• Technology transfer for MQ-9 UAVs is around 10-15%, with plans for a domestic maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) facility.

Limitations and Historical Context:

• The U.S. government cannot act on behalf of defence companies owning intellectual property rights, affecting technology transfer.

• U.S. defence vendors are motivated by commercial interests, impacting the extent of technology they are willing to share.

• Similar technology transfer issues led to the failure of the 2012 Defense Technology and Trade Initiative (DTTI), which iCET replaced with broader goals.

Innovative Solutions and Strategic Shifts:

• Indian defence officials suggest using the jugaad (innovation) approach for U.S. platforms like helicopters and aircraft.

• Jugaad has historically allowed India’s military to make foreign systems serviceable in extreme conditions and terrains.

• However, enabling protocols and the stricter ‘Golden Sentry’ end-use monitoring program prevent the use of jugaad on U.S. acquisitions.

• The iCET aligns with U.S. policy to reduce India’s dependency on Russian arms, as suggested in a Senate Foreign Relations Committee report.

Conclusion and Caution:

• There are concerns that iCET might succumb to “Augustine’s Laws,” where excessive discussion replaces actionable progress.

• Efforts must focus on practical implementation rather than prolonged discussions to avoid stagnation.

Mamata again says no to sharing Teesta river water with Bangladesh’

The Teesta river water-sharing dispute between India and Bangladesh remains a complex issue with significant implications for regional relations, environmental management, and interstate cooperation. Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee’s concerns highlight the need for inclusive and collaborative approaches to address water scarcity and flood risks.

• Teesta River Dispute: The Teesta river, originating in Sikkim and flowing through West Bengal into Bangladesh, has been a contentious issue between India and Bangladesh regarding water sharing.

• Recent Developments: The issue gained prominence following Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina’s visit to India, where Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi mentioned the formation of a technical team to discuss Teesta river management.

Chief Minister’s Concerns

• Water Scarcity: Ms. Banerjee warned that sharing the Teesta’s waters with Bangladesh would leave North Bengal residents without sufficient water.

• Flooding Risks: The full spate of several rivers, including the Teesta, poses a flood threat to North Bengal.

• Hydel Projects: She questioned the Centre’s decision to construct multiple hydel power projects on the Teesta in Sikkim, which could impact water availability downstream.

Administrative Actions

• Flood Shelters: Nine flood shelters have been opened in Jalpaiguri, providing relief to 500 people.

• Monitoring: A call for round-the-clock monitoring of the flood situation has been made.

Issues

Lack of State Involvement

• Exclusion from Discussions: The Centre’s failure to involve the West Bengal government in discussions about water sharing with Bangladesh is a major concern for Ms. Banerjee.

• Hydel Projects in Sikkim: The construction of multiple hydel power projects upstream in Sikkim without considering downstream impacts on West Bengal.

Environmental and Infrastructural Concerns

• Damming Impact: The construction of dams by Bangladesh and China on the Atrayee river has led to water scarcity in West Bengal’s Dakshin Dinajpur district.

• DVC Water Release: The Damodar Valley Corporation’s (DVC) practice of releasing large quantities of water at once causes problems, necessitating a call for staggered releases.

Significance

Regional Relations

• India-Bangladesh Relations: The Teesta river dispute affects bilateral relations between India and Bangladesh, impacting cooperation and goodwill.

• Interstate Relations: The issue also highlights the importance of cooperative federalism in India, requiring better coordination between the Centre and state governments.

Environmental Management

• Water Resource Management: Effective management and sharing of transboundary water resources are crucial for environmental sustainability and regional stability.

• Disaster Preparedness: Proper planning and infrastructure development, such as flood shelters and reservoirs, are vital for mitigating flood risks.

Solutions

Inclusive Decision-Making

• Involvement of States: The Centre should involve the West Bengal government in discussions and decisions regarding water sharing with Bangladesh.

• Collaborative Approach: A collaborative approach involving all stakeholders can help in finding sustainable solutions to the water-sharing dispute.

Environmental and Infrastructural Measures

• Hydrological Studies: Conduct comprehensive hydrological studies to understand the river’s flow and capacity during different seasons.

• Staggered Water Release: Implement staggered water release policies from dams to prevent sudden flooding and ensure better water management.

• Reservoir Dredging: Regular dredging of reservoirs to increase their water-holding capacity and prevent overflow.

Japan, Philippines sign defence pact amid China concerns’

Japan and the Philippines have signed a significant defence pact, allowing the deployment of Japanese forces for joint drills in the Philippines. This agreement marks a major step in the defence cooperation between the two nations, amidst increasing assertiveness from China in the region.

Details of the Agreement

• Reciprocal Access Agreement: The pact allows Japanese forces to enter the Philippines for joint combat training and vice versa, facilitating greater military collaboration.

• Signatories: The agreement was signed by Philippine Defence Secretary Gilberto Teodoro and Japanese Foreign Minister Yoko Kamikawa.

• Ratification: The agreement will take effect after being ratified by the legislatures of both countries.

Historical Context

• World War II Occupation: Japan’s brutal occupation of the Philippines during World War II adds historical significance to this modern-day alliance.

• Alliance Building: Both nations are now aligning more closely to counter China’s growing assertiveness in the region.

Issues

China’s Assertiveness

• South China Sea Disputes: The South China Sea, a vital global trade route, is claimed almost entirely by China but is also contested by the Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, and Taiwan.

• Recent Confrontations: The agreement comes in the wake of recent confrontations between China and the Philippines in the South China Sea, particularly at the Second Thomas Shoal.

Regional Stability

• Military Tensions: Increasing military activities and alliances in the region could lead to heightened tensions and instability.

• Sovereignty Concerns: Nations in the region are concerned about preserving their sovereignty and territorial integrity against Chinese claims.

Significance

Strengthening Defence Ties

• Enhanced Cooperation: The agreement is seen as a groundbreaking achievement that will boost defence cooperation between Japan and the Philippines.

• Strategic Alliance: It reflects a strategic alignment of interests as both nations seek to counterbalance China’s influence.

Regional Security

• Deterrent Effect: The pact is expected to serve as a deterrent against aggressive actions by China, contributing to regional security.

• Global Trade Route: Ensuring the security of the South China Sea is crucial for maintaining the free flow of global trade.

Solutions

Diplomatic Engagement

• Multilateral Dialogue: Engaging China in multilateral dialogues involving all claimant nations could help reduce tensions.

• Confidence-Building Measures: Implementing confidence-building measures between China and the Southeast Asian nations to prevent conflicts.

Strengthening Alliances

• Regional Cooperation: Enhancing cooperation within regional organizations like ASEAN to present a united front.

• International Support: Seeking support from other global powers to ensure a balanced approach to regional security.

Nut Graf: The signing of the Reciprocal Access Agreement between Japan and the Philippines marks a significant step in bolstering their defence ties. Amidst the backdrop of historical animosities and contemporary regional challenges posed by China’s assertiveness, this pact underscores the importance of strategic alliances and cooperation for regional stability and security. Moving forward, diplomatic engagements and multilateral efforts will be crucial in maintaining peace and preventing escalations in the South China Sea.

A brewing duel amid Manila’s dual engagement’

With Ferdinand Marcos Jr., affectionately known as “Bongbong”, as the President of the Philippines, the nation is adopting a more assertive stance against China, emphasizing its security ties with the United States. This marks a shift from the previous administration under Rodrigo Duterte, who leaned towards Beijing for developmental funds

Shifting Stance Under President Marcos Jr.

• US-Philippines Relations: Since Marcos Jr.’s electoral victory in 2022, the relationship between the United States and the Philippines has strengthened, with a focus on security cooperation.

• Confrontation with China: Marcos Jr. has been vocal about China’s aggressive actions in the South China Sea, sharply criticizing them at international forums like the Shangri-La Dialogue in Singapore.

• China’s Reaction: China views Marcos Jr. as an ally of the United States, similar to former Taiwanese President Tsai Ing-wen, and accuses him of inviting regional conflict.

Rising Tensions in the South China Sea

• Chinese Aggressions: Instances of the Chinese maritime militia using water cannons and bumping into Philippine fishing boats have escalated tensions.

• Philippines’ Response: Marcos Jr. has warned that any Filipino casualty due to Chinese force would be considered an act of war, highlighting the serious nature of the confrontations.

American Involvement and Strategic Interests

• Mutual Defense Treaty: The US has had a Mutual Defense Treaty with the Philippines since 1951. Despite supporting Marcos Jr., the US remains cautious about getting involved in another naval conflict.

• Strategic Location: The Philippines is crucial to the US’s Indo-Pacific strategy due to its geographic position in the South China Sea.

• Military Enhancements: The Philippines is focused on enhancing its military capabilities, including a $35 billion acquisition plan and modernizing former US military bases like Subic Bay and Clark Air Base.

Quad Support and Regional Alliances

• Quad Partners: The Philippines is leveraging support from Quad partners (India, Australia, Japan, and the US) to bolster its military.

• India’s Support: India has delivered BrahMos missiles to the Philippines and supports the 2016 Tribunal ruling against China’s claims in the South China Sea.

• Japan’s Assistance: Japan has provided coastal surveillance radars and patrol ships, strengthening the Philippine Coast Guard.

• Australia’s Contributions: Australia is the second largest bilateral grant aid donor to the Philippines, enhancing its military and coast guard capabilities.

Issues

Dual Engagement Challenges

• Reliance on China: Despite the military buildup against China, the Philippines remains dependent on Beijing for financial support, which poses a challenge to its dual engagement strategy.

• Economic Aid: China has committed significant financial aid to the Philippines, complicating the dynamics of Manila’s assertive stance against Beijing.

Strategic Uncertainty

• Balance of Power: The ongoing friction with China and reliance on US military support raise questions about how long the Philippines can maintain this dual engagement without significant repercussions.

• Impact on Financial Flows: Increasing tensions with China may affect the flow of developmental aid from Beijing, impacting the Philippines’ economic stability.

Significance

Regional Security and Stability

• Strategic Importance: The Philippines’ stance and its alliances significantly impact regional security dynamics in the South China Sea.

• US-Indo-Pacific Strategy: Strengthening US-Philippines ties reinforces the US strategy to counter China’s influence in the region.

Military Modernization

• Enhanced Capabilities: The focus on modernizing military bases and acquiring advanced weaponry enhances the Philippines’ defense capabilities.

• Quad Collaboration: Collaboration with Quad partners aids in the technological and strategic upliftment of the Philippine military.

Solutions

Balancing Relations

• Diplomatic Engagement: The Philippines should continue diplomatic efforts to balance its relations with both the US and China, ensuring that economic ties with Beijing are not severely disrupted.

• Multilateral Cooperation: Strengthening multilateral cooperation through ASEAN and other regional forums can help Manila navigate the complex geopolitical landscape.

Enhancing Self-reliance

• Domestic Defense Industry: Investing in the domestic defense industry can reduce reliance on foreign military aid and build self-reliance.

• Diversifying Economic Partners: Diversifying economic partnerships beyond China can provide the Philippines with more financial stability and reduce geopolitical risks.

Ahead of talks with Putin, PM says will ‘back’ peace in region

Prime Minister Narendra Modi is set to meet Russian President Vladimir Putin to discuss the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict and other bilateral issues at the 22nd India-Russia Summit. The message from PM Modi emphasizes that the solution to the war will not be found on the battlefield but through dialogue and diplomacy.

Context of the Visit

• Significance: This visit marks the first time the leaders will hold the annual summit in three years and PM Modi’s first bilateral visit abroad after re-assuming office in June.

• Warm Reception: PM Modi was warmly received by Russian First Deputy Prime Minister Denis Manturov, highlighting the importance of the visit.

• Dinner Meeting: The informal dinner hosted by Mr. Putin at his Dacha set the tone for the structured talks.

Key Agenda

• Economic Issues: Expected to drive the agenda, focusing on geo-economic changes due to the Russia-Ukraine conflict.

• Indians Misled into Joining Russian Military: A priority issue for India, seeking the discharge of these individuals.

• Peaceful Resolution: PM Modi is expected to emphasize that the conflict’s resolution requires both parties to engage in dialogue.

Bilateral and Regional Focus

• Bilateral Ties: A comprehensive review of bilateral ties, including trade, energy cooperation, and investments in Russia’s Far East.

• Global and Regional Issues: Perspectives on global and regional issues, with India supporting a peaceful and stable region.

• NATO Summit Context: The timing of the summit coincides with a NATO meeting in Washington, emphasizing the global attention on the conflict.

Issues

Conflict Resolution

• Battlefield vs. Diplomacy: The ongoing Russia-Ukraine war cannot be resolved through military means but requires diplomatic efforts.

• Global South Perspective: India’s stance aligns with the global south’s view that dialogue is essential for resolving the conflict.

Economic and Energy Cooperation

• Trade and Energy Supplies: Facilitating trade agreements and securing long-term commitments on energy supplies from Russia.

• Investments in Russia’s Far East: Building on previous agreements to enhance cooperation and investments in this region.

Misled Indians

• Discharge of Indians: Addressing the issue of Indians misled into joining the Russian military, ensuring their safe return.

Significance

Strengthening Bilateral Relations

• Economic Ties: Enhancing trade and investment ties, particularly in energy and the Far East.

• Strategic Partnership: Reinforcing the long-standing strategic partnership between India and Russia.

Regional Stability

• Peace and Stability: India’s role in promoting peace and stability in the region, supporting diplomatic solutions over military actions.

• Global Role: India’s stance as a responsible global player advocating for peaceful conflict resolution.

Humanitarian Concerns

• Protecting Citizens: Ensuring the safety and well-being of Indian citizens misled into military involvement.

Solutions

Diplomatic Engagement

• Promoting Dialogue: Encouraging both Russia and Ukraine to engage in dialogue to find a peaceful resolution.

• Supportive Role: India playing a supportive role in facilitating discussions and providing a platform for dialogue.

Economic Cooperation

• Trade Agreements: Signing agreements to enhance trade and secure energy supplies.

• Investments: Encouraging investments in Russia’s Far East, building on previous MoUs.

• Addressing Misled Indians

• Safe Return: Ensuring the discharge and safe return of Indians misled into joining the Russian military.