Sarvam AI Launches New Language Model for Indian Languages

Latest News: 27th October 2024, UPSC Preparation

Sarvam AI, a rising player in India’s generative AI sector, has introduced a new language model named Sarvam-1. This model is specifically designed for Indian languages and is open-source. It supports ten Indian languages, including Bengali, Hindi, and Tamil, as well as English. Launched in October 2024, Sarvam-1 follows the company’s earlier model, Sarvam 2B, which debuted in August 2024.

Overview of Sarvam-1

Sarvam-1 is developed with 2 billion parameters. Parameters indicate the complexity and capability of an AI model. For comparison, Microsoft’s Phi-3 Mini has 3.8 billion parameters. Sarvam-1 is classified as a small language model (SLM) because it has fewer than ten billion parameters. This contrasts with large language models (LLMs) like OpenAI’s GPT-4, which has over a trillion parameters.

Technical Specifications

Sarvam-1 is powered by 1,024 Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) from Yotta and trained using NVIDIA’s NeMo framework. The model addresses a major challenge: the lack of high-quality training data for Indian languages. Existing datasets often lack the necessary depth and diversity. To overcome this, Sarvam AI created its training corpus, Sarvam-2T.

Training Data

Sarvam-2T consists of an estimated 2 trillion tokens. The dataset is evenly distributed across all ten supported languages. It includes synthetic data generation techniques to enhance the quality of the training data. Approximately 20% of the dataset is in Hindi, with considerable portions in English and programming languages. This diversity aids the model in performing both monolingual and multilingual tasks.

Performance Metrics

Sarvam-1 is reported to be more efficient in handling Indic language scripts than previous LLMs. It uses fewer tokens per word, which contributes to its efficiency. The model has surpassed larger AI models like Meta’s Llama-3 and Google’s Gemma-2 on several benchmarks, including MMLU and ARC-Challenge.

Benchmark Achievements

On the TriviaQA benchmark, Sarvam-1 achieved an accuracy of 86.11 for Indic languages. This score exceeds that of Meta’s Llama-3.1 8B, which scored 61.47. Sarvam-1 also boasts computational efficiency, with inference speeds 4-6 times faster than larger models such as Gemma-2-9B and Llama-3.1-8B.

Practical Applications

The combination of strong performance and high inference efficiency makes Sarvam-1 suitable for practical applications, including deployment on edge devices. This is particularly important for real-world use cases where computational resources may be limited.

Sarvam-1 is available for download on Hugging Face, an online platform for open-source AI models. This accessibility allows developers and researchers to utilise the model for various applications involving Indian languages.

(NNI / Latest news / Latest news india / India latest news/UPSC Preparation)

Bihar Inaugurates First Dry Port to Boost Exports

Latest News: 24th October 2024, UPSC Preparation

Bihar’s Industry Minister Nitish Mishra inaugurated the state’s first dry port in Bihar, near Patna. This initiative aims to enhance exports of goods produced in Bihar, in partnership with a private company. The dry port is an important step towards improving the logistics and export capabilities of the state.

About Dry Port

A dry port, also known as an inland container depot (ICD), is a logistics facility located inland. It serves as a hub for cargo handling, storage, and transportation. Dry ports connect inland regions with seaports and airports, facilitating efficient movement of goods. They play a crucial role in streamlining logistics.

Why was a Dry Port Needed in Bihar?

Bihar, with its diverse manufacturing locations, required a central facility for cargo consolidation. The state primarily exports agro-based products, garments, and leather goods. The dry port allows for easier transport of these goods, reducing logistics complexities. It also handles customs clearance, alleviating congestion at traditional ports.

Benefits of the Bihar Dry Port

The dry port spans seven acres and operates under a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model. It is managed by Pristine Magadh Infrastructure Private Limited and the state industry department. Key benefits include:

• Streamlined cargo handling

• Lower transportation costs

• Improved storage and handling capabilities

Export Potential of Bihar

Bihar has a rich agricultural base, producing fruits and vegetables like potatoes, tomatoes, bananas, litchis, and makhana. The state also excels in maize production, with 11 districts focusing on it. Additionally, Bihar exports sponge iron, packed food, waste paper, newsprint, rice, and meat. The leather and garment sectors are also growing. New manufacturing units have opened in districts such as Muzaffarpur and East Champaran. The first consignment exported from the dry port was leather shoes sent to Russia, denoting the state’s export potential.

Government Support for Exports

The Bihar government is committed to expanding its export capacity. Industry Minister Mishra has stated that they are increasing land availability to attract more investments. In the fiscal year 2022-23, Bihar recorded exports worth Rs 20,000 crore. The establishment of the Bihar dry port is expected to boost these figures.

Regional Impact of the Bihar Dry Port

The Bihar dry port is fully operational and approved by the Union Ministry of Finance. It is strategically connected by rail to major gateway ports, including Kolkata and Haldia in West Bengal, Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh, Nhava Sheva in Maharashtra, and Mundra in Gujarat. This connectivity will benefit not only Bihar but also neighboring states like Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, and Odisha. The dry port’s operations are set to enhance regional trade and logistics, creating a more integrated market in eastern India. The initiative reflects a broader vision for economic development in Bihar and its surrounding areas.

(NNI / Latest news / Latest news india / India latest news/UPSC Preparation)

India’s Mission Mausam

Latest News: 23rd October 2024, UPSC Preparation

Mission Mausam was launched by the Government of India in September 2024. This initiative aims to enhance weather forecasting and manage specific weather events. The mission seeks to control rainfall, hail, fog, and later, lightning strikes.

Importance of Cloud Physics

Cloud physics is crucial for effective weather modification. It involves studying how clouds behave in different conditions. India needs to strengthen its research in this area. This will help in understanding and manipulating weather patterns more effectively.

To support this research is building a unique cloud chamber at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM) in Pune. This chamber is designed to simulate cloud formation under controlled conditions.

What is a Cloud Chamber?

A cloud chamber is a closed cylindrical or tubular structure. Inside, water vapour and aerosols are injected. Under specific humidity and temperatures, clouds can develop. The Pune facility will allow scientists to study cloud droplets and ice particles in detail.

Features of the Pune Facility

Unlike basic cloud chambers found in many countries, the Pune facility will have convection properties. This makes it suitable for studying Indian monsoon clouds. There are only a few convective cloud chambers globally, making this facility.

Objectives of the Convective Cloud Chamber

The primary goal is to understand cloud behaviour during normal and extreme conditions. Scientists will study how rain droplets and ice particles form. They will also examine how moisture from cyclones affects the atmosphere. These interactions are vital for weather modification strategies.

Planned Research Activities

Scientists will tailor environmental parameters in the cloud chamber. They will adjust temperature, humidity, and convective conditions to study their effects on clouds. Senior IITM scientist Thara Prabhakaran emphasised the need for controlled environments to test new ideas.

Development Timeline

Over the next 18-24 months, the focus will be on creating advanced instruments and probes. These tools will monitor various conditions inside the chamber. Civil construction of the chamber will begin soon.

India’s Experience with Cloud Seeding

India has previously conducted cloud seeding experiments, notably the Cloud Aerosol Interaction and Precipitation Enhancement Experiment (CAIPEEX). This programme lasted over a decade and had four phases.

Results of CAIPEEX

In the last phase, experiments were conducted in Maharashtra’s Solapur district. Results showed that cloud seeding could enhance rainfall by up to 46% in some areas. On average, it increased rainfall by about 18% over a 100-square-kilometre area downwind of the seeding location.

Limitations of Cloud Seeding

Despite positive results, cloud seeding is not a comprehensive solution for rainfall issues. It has limitations and cannot be relied upon solely to address all weather-related challenges.

Mission Mausam and the establishment of the cloud chamber represent an important step towards advanced weather management in India. The research conducted here could lead to better understanding and control of weather phenomena, particularly during the monsoon season.

(NNI / Latest news / Latest news india / India latest news/UPSC Preparation)

Study Reveals Brain Network Changes Linked to Depression

Latest News: 22nd October 2024, UPSC Preparation

A new study published in Nature reveals that depression alters brain communication patterns, even when symptoms are absent. Using fMRI technology, researchers identified changes in a key brain network related to motivation and attention. This remapping can predict future depression risk in individuals.

About the Salience Network

The salience network is crucial for processing relevant stimuli and regulating emotional responses. Researchers found this network is expanded in individuals with depression compared to healthy controls. This enlargement can indicate vulnerability to developing depression later in life.

Study Overview

The study involved 141 participants with depression and 37 without. Researchers focused on how different brain regions communicate. They discovered that the frontostriatal salience network was larger in those with depression. This network plays a role in mental health, influencing symptoms of depression and anxiety.

Predictive Indicators

The study identified that the salience network’s expansion can predict who may develop depression. Notably, children aged 10-12 who later experienced depression already showed signs of an enlarged salience network. This suggests that changes in brain structure can precede clinical symptoms.

Correlation with Symptoms

The strength of the salience network was correlated with specific depression symptoms, particularly those relating to pleasure and motivation loss. However, the study did not link these changes directly to psychological experiences or depressive thoughts. Instead, the salience network’s remapping serves as a potential risk marker for future depression.

Remapping of Brain Networks

The study indicates that the salience network expands into regions not typically associated with depression. This includes areas involved in effort-related decision-making, given that individuals with depression often struggle with tasks requiring effort.

Implications of Exercise

Researchers suggest that the positive effects of exercise on depression may stem from its influence on the effort-related network. Exercise could help modify brain activity, offering a non-pharmaceutical approach to managing depressive symptoms.

Potential Biomarker for Depression

The stable enlargement of the salience network raises the possibility of it becoming a biomarker for depression. A biomarker is a measurable indicator of a disease, similar to an antigen test for COVID-19. If validated, the size of the salience network could provide a reliable method for identifying depression risk.

Scientific Skepticism

While some researchers are optimistic about the salience network as a biomarker, others remain skeptical. Jonathan Roiser argues that depression is not a single entity and may not have a universal biomarker. He views depressive symptoms as manifestations of various brain states, influenced by multiple brain circuits.

(NNI / Latest news / Latest news india / India latest news/UPSC Preparation)

New Road Safety Sensor Prototype Developed by Researchers

Latest News: 20th October 2024, UPSC Preparation

Researchers at the Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences (CeNS) have created a special road safety sensor to improve safety at dangerous road curves where accidents often happen. This new sensor is made from a unique material that can both sense pressure and generate energy.

Development of the Prototype

The sensor uses a new kind of material called a polymer nanocomposite. This material can generate energy using the piezoelectric effect, which means it creates electricity when pressure is applied. The sensor is designed to be placed on movable ramps 100 meters before risky curves, giving oncoming vehicles visual signals, like lights, to alert them.

Material Composition

The key material in the sensor is a polymer nanocomposite. It is made by combining a base polymer, poly (vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF), with a special compound called vanadium disulfide (VS2). The VS2 gives the material a high surface charge, which improves its ability to generate electricity when pressure is applied. This makes the sensor more effective in gathering energy and sending signals.

Scientific Process

Making the Nanoparticles: The researchers first created tiny particles (nanoparticles) of VS2 to improve the piezoelectric performance of the sensor.

Creating the Composite Film: They mixed different amounts of VS2 into the PVDF polymer to create a film that has both pressure-sensing and energy-harvesting abilities.

Research Focus: The team studied how the surface charge of the nanoparticles affects the overall piezoelectric properties of the composite material. The more charge the nanoparticles have, the better the material performs.

Laboratory Demonstration

The researchers made a small version of the road safety sensor in the lab. It worked successfully as a pressure sensor, showing how it could be used in real-life applications. This prototype could also be used in future smart technologies.

Publication and Patent

The findings were published in the Journal of Material Chemistry A, and the researchers have applied for a patent in India. This means the technology has the potential to be developed for commercial use, and more research may follow to improve it further.

(NNI / Latest news / Latest news india / India latest news/UPSC Preparation)

Samarth Scheme – Recent Updates

Latest News: 18th October 2024, UPSC Preparation

The Samarth Scheme, an important project by the Ministry of Textiles, has been extended for another two years, covering the financial years 2024-25 and 2025-26. The government has set aside Rs. 495 crore for this extension. The goal is to train 300,000 people in different textile-related skills.

What is the Objective of the Samarth Scheme?

The main purpose of the Samarth Scheme is to help create jobs in the textile industry, focusing on the organized sector. It supports skill development across the entire textile value chain except for spinning and weaving. This helps people find employment and boosts the productivity of the industry.

Focus on Training

The training programs under this scheme are updated to meet modern technological changes and market needs. It offers:

• Entry-level training for newcomers to the textile sector.

• Upskilling and reskilling programs for existing workers, especially in the Apparel and Garmenting sectors. This helps them learn new skills and become more efficient in their work.

The scheme also focuses on workers in traditional textile sectors, like handloom, handicrafts, silk, and jute, ensuring these age-old practices thrive in modern times.

Who Implements the Scheme?

The Samarth Scheme is carried out by Implementing Partners (IPs), which include:

• Textile industry players.

• Government agencies at both central and state levels.

Sector-specific organizations like the Development Commissioners for Handloom and Handicrafts and the Central Wool Development Board.

Achievements of the Scheme

Since its start, the Samarth Scheme has trained 327,000 people. Of these, 260,000 (about 79.5%) have successfully found jobs, which shows the effectiveness of the training.

Focus on Women’s Employment

The scheme places special emphasis on women’s employment. Out of all the trained candidates, 289,000 (around 88.3%) are women, highlighting the program’s dedication to gender inclusivity in the textile sector.

About the Samarth Scheme

Launched in 2018 by the Ministry of Textiles, the Samarth Scheme is all about promoting skill development in the textile industry. It helps improve productivity and encourages entrepreneurship among artisans. The scheme supports a variety of textile industries, including handlooms and handicrafts, and provides market-driven training programs. It also focuses on creating sustainable livelihoods and promotes the involvement of women artisans. Financial assistance is available for setting up new businesses, and the scheme works with many partners to reach a wide audience for better implementation.

(NNI / Latest news / Latest news india / India latest news/UPSC Preparation)

Researchers Develop Efficient Photocatalyst to Degrade Antibiotics

Latest News: 16th October 2024, UPSC Preparation

Scientists have made an exciting breakthrough in photocatalysis, developing a new catalyst that can efficiently break down sulfamethoxazole (SMX), a common antibiotic. This discovery is important because it addresses growing concerns about how antibiotics in the environment can harm both ecosystems and human health.

Why is Antibiotic Contamination a Problem?

When antibiotics like SMX enter the environment, they create several issues:

Antibiotic Resistance: The overuse of antibiotics in nature can lead to the development of bacteria that are resistant to treatment, making infections harder to cure.

Ecological Impact: These antibiotics can disrupt the balance of local ecosystems, affecting plants, animals, and microorganisms.

Human Health: Long-term exposure to antibiotics in contaminated water can affect human health, potentially leading to health problems.

How was the Catalyst Developed?

The team of scientists, led by Prof. Devasish Chowdhury at the Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), created the catalyst using nanoparticles from materials like copper zinc tin sulfide (CZTS) and tungsten disulfide (WS2). Here’s what went into it:

• They used common, non-toxic materials like zinc chloride, copper chloride, tin chloride, and tungsten disulfide.

• These materials were processed through a hydrothermal reaction, which involves heating them in water to form the catalyst.

• The final product is made from earth-abundant elements, meaning it’s cheap, safe, and environmentally friendly.

How does it work?

The new CZTS-WS2 composite works by breaking down sulfamethoxazole into less harmful substances. Key features include:

Degradation Mechanism: The catalyst transforms SMX into safer by-products, reducing its harmful impact on the environment.

Reusability: The catalyst remains effective even after multiple uses, which means it can be used over and over, making it cost-efficient.

How was it tested?

To test the catalyst’s ability to break down SMX, scientists used Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS), which helps identify the substances formed during the breakdown process. This analysis showed that the catalyst produced less harmful intermediates.

Catalyst Performance

The results were impressive:

• The catalyst showed over 80% efficiency in scavenging free radicals (unstable molecules that can cause damage).

• It also demonstrated antibacterial properties, meaning it could help reduce the presence of harmful bacteria in the environment.

This new CZTS-WS2 composite catalyst offers a promising solution for breaking down antibiotic pollution. It can potentially improve the way we manage antibiotic residues in the environment, reducing the associated risks to ecosystems and human health.

(NNI / Latest news / Latest news india / India latest news/UPSC Preparation)

SAMARTHAK- The First Ship of Multi-Purpose Vessel

Latest News: 15th October 2024, UPSC Preparation

India’s first Multi-Purpose Vessel (MPV) project ship, built by L&T Shipyard for the Indian Navy, has been launched at L&T Kattupalli. This is a significant achievement for Indian shipbuilding, with Admiral Dinesh K Tripathi, the Chief of Naval Staff, leading the ceremony. Mrs. Shashi Tripathi, President of the Naval Wives Welfare Association, launched the vessel, named ‘Samarthak’, which means ‘Supporter’ in Hindi.

What is the MPV Project?

The project to build two MPVs was started on 25 March 2022, when a contract was signed between India’s Ministry of Defence and L&T Shipyard. These vessels are designed to handle many different tasks for the Navy, showing the comprehensive role modern naval ships are expected to play.

Capabilities of the Multi-Purpose Vessels

The MPVs have many uses. They are built to perform tasks such as:

Towing ships: Helping other ships move, especially in emergencies.

Launching and recovering targets: These ships can handle different kinds of targets used during naval training.

Operating uncrewed vehicles: They can deploy and control autonomous vehicles that don’t need a crew.

Trial platform for weapons: The MPVs will be used to test new weapons and sensors developed in India.

Key Specifications

The MPV Samarthak has the following features:

• Length: 106 meters (about the length of a football field)

• Width: 16.8 meters

• Maximum Speed: 15 knots (about 27 km/h)

Why is this Important?

The launch of Samarthak is a big step forward for India’s shipbuilding industry. It aligns with the Indian government’s efforts toward ‘Aatmanirbhar Bharat’ (Self-Reliant India) and the ‘Make in India’ campaign, which aims to boost domestic production in various sectors, including defense. This launch shows India’s growing ability to build advanced ships on its own, strengthening the country’s maritime capabilities.

What is Multi Purpose Vessels (MPVs)?

Multi Purpose Vessels (MPVs) are special types of ships that can carry many different types of cargo, such as containers, large machinery, or heavy loads. They are used for both commercial and offshore operations, such as helping in oil and gas exploration. MPVs often come with heavy lift cranes, which allow them to handle heavy and complex loads. They are also used for humanitarian missions and disaster relief, making them highly versatile and useful in various situations. Additionally, they can work in shallow waters, making them more flexible in where they can operate.

(NNI / Latest news / Latest news india / India latest news/UPSC Preparation)

New Aadhaar Rules Cause Enrollment Issues for Overseas Citizens

Latest News: 14th October 2024, UPSC Preparation

New rules were introduced for people applying for Aadhaar, India’s unique identification number. These changes affect Overseas Citizens of India (OCIs) and Non-Resident Indians (NRIs). Now, anyone over 18 must prove that they have stayed in India for at least 182 days during the previous year to qualify for Aadhaar enrolment.

Overview of the New Rules

The new regulations require anyone wanting to enroll for Aadhaar to prove they have lived in India for the required 182 days. This rule applies to OCIs, foreign nationals, and other applicants. The goal is to ensure that only people with genuine residency in India get an Aadhaar number, helping to prevent fraudulent applications.

Verification Process

The verification of residency is now handled by Revenue officials, similar to how passport checks are done. This process involves stricter checks, which has slowed down the enrolment process. Many applications are delayed or even rejected as officials carefully verify whether applicants meet the new residency requirements.

Impact on Aadhaar Applications

Since the rule change, thousands of Aadhaar applications have been rejected, especially in cities like Bengaluru. Around 10,000 applications are still waiting for verification there. The new verification process is causing a backlog, as many applicants are unable to provide the necessary documents or prove they have lived in India long enough.

Challenges for OCIs and NRIs

While NRIs do not have to meet the 182-day residency requirement, they still face challenges during the verification process. For OCIs, especially those from countries like Nepal, issues have come up due to discrepancies in their documents. For example, some applicants have problems when the dates on their rental agreements don’t match their tax records.

Why were these Changes Made?

The government introduced these changes primarily for national security reasons. Since Aadhaar is widely used as a primary form of identification in India, the government wants to prevent fraudulent applications that could pose security risks. By tightening the rules, they aim to ensure that Aadhaar numbers are issued only to people with a legitimate connection to India.

(NNI / Latest news / Latest news india / India latest news/UPSC Preparation)

National Wildlife Week 2024 – Oct 02 to 08

Latest News: 04th October 2024, UPSC Preparation

On the eve of Wildlife Week 2024, the Department of Wildlife Protection in Jammu and Kashmir kicked off celebrations with an inaugural event at the beautiful Dachigam National Park. This year’s theme is celebrating nature’s beauty and highlighting the vital importance of conserving wildlife.

Gathering of Young Minds

The event had many excited school students who participated in different activities. These young minds were encouraged to learn more about the environment and understand why it is important to take care of wildlife.

Activities Conducted

Students enjoyed nature walks, educational workshops, and interactive sessions with wildlife experts. These activities helped raise awareness about why protecting wildlife is essential and how it keeps our ecosystems balanced and healthy.

Statements from Officials

Tawheed Ahmad Deva, the Regional Wildlife Warden, spoke about the importance of the event, calling it a chance to renew the commitment to protecting nature. He emphasized that it is crucial to teach young people about environmental responsibility because they are the ones who will protect the planet in the future.

Ongoing Wildlife Week Celebrations

Throughout Wildlife Week, many programs will take place to help people understand the importance of wildlife conservation. These include movie screenings about nature, art competitions, and discussions with experts, all aimed at encouraging community involvement in protecting wildlife.

Key Attendees

Several important figures attended the event, including Rashid Y. Naqash, Parvez Wani, Intesar Suhail, Aliya Mir, and Nadeem Qadri. Each of them plays an important role in efforts to safeguard wildlife in the region.

(NNI / Latest news / Latest news india / India latest news/UPSC Preparation)

Telangana Launches First NITI Aayog Women Entrepreneurship Chapter

Latest News: 03rd October 2024, UPSC Preparation

Telangana has made history as the first state in India to start a chapter of NITI Aayog’s Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP). This initiative is focused on helping women entrepreneurs by offering them important tools, resources, and connections to grow their businesses.

Launch and Vision

The WEP Telangana Chapter was officially launched in Hyderabad by BVR Subrahmanyam, CEO of NITI Aayog, along with other government officials. This platform is aimed at encouraging women to start and grow businesses by offering support in areas like digital skills, access to financial services, mentorship, and market opportunities.

Role of WE Hub

WE Hub, India’s first incubation center created specifically to support women entrepreneurs, will manage the WEP in Telangana. WE Hub has a large network and will use its resources to empower women in business, helping them improve their abilities and find better business opportunities.

Importance for Economic Growth

Mr. Subrahmanyam highlighted that women’s entrepreneurship is very important for the future of India’s economy. The WEP Telangana Chapter is designed to tackle some of the big challenges that women entrepreneurs face, such as getting funding, finding mentors, and accessing markets. By addressing these issues, the platform aims to help women build successful businesses.

Future Expansion Plans

Anna Roy, Principal Economic Advisor at NITI Aayog, mentioned that there are plans to expand the WEP to smaller cities, known as tier 2 and tier 3 cities, in the future. The goal is to work with different states to build a supportive environment where women entrepreneurs can thrive, making it easier for them to succeed in business.

WE Bridge Initiative

The ‘WE Bridge’ initiative was also launched, offering a one-stop platform where women entrepreneurs in Telangana can easily access funding, technology, and networking opportunities. This initiative aims to simplify the process for women entrepreneurs to get the support they need, helping them grow and innovate in their businesses.

Objectives of the WEP Telangana Chapter

The WEP Telangana Chapter has three main objectives:

Empower women with digital and financial skills: Helping women learn essential skills that will improve their business operations.

Connect women entrepreneurs with industry leaders: Offering mentorship from experienced business leaders to guide women in growing their businesses.

Facilitate market access: Helping women entrepreneurs connect with investors and find business opportunities that can help them succeed.

This program aims to create an environment where women entrepreneurs can flourish, contributing not only to their personal growth but also to the economic development of Telangana and beyond.

(NNI / Latest news / Latest news india / India latest news/UPSC Preparation)

India Set to Launch Carbon Market by 2026

Latest News: 18th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

India is preparing to create a carbon market through the Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS), first announced in June 2023. This plan is designed to help reduce harmful emissions in different industries. Under this scheme, sectors that manage to reduce their emissions more than required can sell carbon credits to those that cannot meet their targets. Those who fall short of their goals must buy these credits to offset their emissions.

When will the CCTS start?

The detailed rules for how the CCTS will work were shared by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) in August 2024. However, the government has not yet set specific emission reduction targets, which are needed to make the scheme work. BEE officials believe that the scheme might start functioning by 2026.

What is the CCTS?

The CCTS is a system that encourages companies to either reduce or limit their emissions. It is part of India’s commitment to the Paris Agreement of 2016, where the country promised to cut its emissions intensity (the amount of emissions per unit of GDP) by 45% from 2005 levels by 2030. This means that India is working to produce less pollution while growing its economy.

India’s emission reduction goals

Apart from the 2030 target, India also has a long-term goal of achieving net-zero emissions by 2070. This means that by 2070, India aims to balance the amount of greenhouse gases it emits with the amount it removes from the atmosphere. This is important both for global climate efforts and for managing the impact of climate change within India.

Why is India introducing the CCTS?

India’s decision to introduce the CCTS is partly influenced by international actions, such as the European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). Set to start in 2026, the CBAM will place a tax on imported goods based on how much pollution was created during their production. Countries like China and Indonesia have also created carbon markets, which likely encouraged India to pursue similar strategies.

The biggest challenge for the CCTS is making sure it truly helps reduce emissions. Its success depends on setting strong emission targets and ensuring that industries follow the rules.

What is a carbon market?

A carbon market allows companies to trade carbon credits to reduce the overall impact of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. One carbon credit equals one ton of CO2 reduced. The idea started with the Kyoto Protocol in 1997. For example, California has a large cap-and-trade program, and the European Union began its Trading System in 2005. There are also voluntary markets, where companies or individuals can buy carbon credits to offset their own emissions. New technologies, like blockchain, are being explored to improve transparency in these markets. Carbon markets also support sustainable development and biodiversity conservation efforts.

(NNI / Latest news / Latest news india / India latest news/UPSC Preparation)

"Navi Mumbai Kicks Off ‘Cleanliness is Service’ Drive with Major Clean-Up at Jagriteshwar Lake"

Latest News: 17th September 2024, Navi-Mumbai, Maharashtra

Navi Mumbai Launches 'Cleanliness is Service' Campaign at Jagriteshwar Lake

The Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation (NMMC) is set to launch the 'Cleanliness is Service' campaign, a significant initiative under the Swachh Bharat Mission, with a comprehensive clean-up drive at Jagriteshwar Lake in Sector 6, Vashi. The campaign, running from September 14 to October 1, 2024, aims to promote cleanliness and community involvement across the city.

As part of the campaign, Dr. Kailas Shinde, Municipal Commissioner of Navi Mumbai, has outlined various activities to be carried out under the 'Cleanliness is Service' fortnight. This initiative aligns with the central government's 'Swachh Bharat Mission' and emphasizes the importance of both personal and cultural cleanliness.

The special clean-up drive is scheduled for September 18, 2024, at 7 a.m., coinciding with the Anant Chaturdashi festival. This day sees large crowds gathering for the immersion of Ganesh idols, necessitating meticulous cleanliness efforts at immersion sites to ensure a safe and tidy environment. The Jagriteshwar Lake, a key immersion site, will be the focus of this intensive clean-up operation.

The event will see active participation from various stakeholders, including esteemed public representatives, volunteers from local NGOs and associations, as well as residents such as women, senior citizens, and students. The clean-up drive aims to engage the community in maintaining hygiene and environmental sustainability.

Dr. Shinde has called upon all cleanliness enthusiasts and Navi Mumbai residents to actively participate in the clean-up campaign and contribute to the city's cleanliness. The initiative is expected to set a benchmark for community-driven cleanliness efforts and enhance the overall sanitation of Navi Mumbai.

The NMMC encourages citizens to join in and support the 'Cleanliness is Service' campaign by participating in the clean-up at Jagriteshwar Lake and other related activities. This effort is pivotal in achieving the goals of the Swachh Bharat Mission and fostering a cleaner, healthier urban environment.

(NNI / Latest news / Latest news india / India latest news/UPSC Preparation)

"Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation’s Efficient Planning for Ganesh Visarjan on Anant Chaturdashi"

Latest News: 17th September 2024, Navi-Mumbai, Maharashtra

Mumbai’s Ganesh Visarjan: Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation Ensures Smooth Process for Anant Chaturdashi

As Ganesh Chaturthi celebrations reach their peak, the Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation (NMMC) is set to handle the Anant Chaturdashi Visarjan with meticulous planning. Since September 7, the festival has been marked by great enthusiasm, with Dr. Kailas Shinde, Municipal Commissioner, leading efforts to ensure an eco-friendly, plastic-free celebration.

In response to a call for more environmentally conscious practices, many citizens have preferred installing clay idols over plaster-of-Paris (POP) ones. To recognize and honor those who chose eco-friendly Ganesh idols, the NMMC has distributed certificates of appreciation to devotees who have opted for clay idols, underscoring their commitment to cleanliness and environmental protection.

To safeguard natural water sources, the NMMC has created a significant number of artificial ponds, totaling 137 across its eight departmental areas. These ponds have seen a high level of engagement from environmentally conscious citizens, contributing to the smooth execution of the immersion process.

With a total of 159 immersion sites, including 22 natural and 137 artificial, the NMMC has ensured efficient arrangements for the immersion of Ganesh idols on various days of the festival. On Anant Chaturdashi alone, 35,720 idols are expected to be immersed, with meticulous arrangements in place for a smooth process.

Under the guidance of Dr. Shinde, the NMMC has bolstered preparations for September 17, the day of Anant Chaturdashi, by enhancing arrangements at all immersion sites. This includes deploying a large number of volunteers and lifeguards at all 22 natural immersion sites, along with firefighters and police personnel to maintain law and order. CCTV cameras have been installed to monitor crowd movement and ensure safety.

The immersion sites are equipped with medium and large-sized pontoons, forklifts, and cranes to handle the large-scale immersions. An advanced mechanical pontoon has been set up at the Dharan Lake in Koparkhairane to facilitate the immersion of larger idols efficiently.

To manage the expected large crowds, the NMMC has implemented bamboo barricades, backup power generators, and medical first-aid facilities. Tables have been arranged for orderly queues, and special platforms have been erected for guidance and coordination of the devotees.

The NMMC has also made provisions for the segregation and processing of 'wet' and 'dry' offerings brought along with the idols. Special vehicles are in place to transport these offerings to designated processing sites, where they are treated with due reverence. Additionally, fruits and food items are being distributed to needy children and citizens.

At Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Chowk in Vashi, known for its high footfall during Ganesh Visarjan, the NMMC and police have set up comprehensive arrangements to ensure the safety and smooth execution of the event. A large stage will be set up to shower floral tributes on the idols as they proceed to the immersion site.

The NMMC, led by Dr. Shinde, is calling on citizens to continue their excellent cooperation to ensure that the Ganesh Visarjan festivities, especially on Anant Chaturdashi, proceed smoothly and without any hitches.

(NNI / Latest news / Latest news india / India latest news/UPSC Preparation)

Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008

Latest News: 17th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

The Supreme Court of India has stressed the urgent need to improve access to justice, especially in rural areas. This has led to renewed calls for setting up gram nyayalayas (village courts) across the country. However, despite being introduced more than a decade ago, the Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008, has faced many challenges that have slowed its implementation.

What is the Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008?

The Gram Nyayalayas Act was passed in 2008 to bring the judicial system closer to rural populations. The goal of the Act is to decentralize the court system, making justice more accessible, faster, and less expensive for people living in villages. By setting up courts at the grassroots level, it aims to reduce the burden on higher courts and make the legal process simpler for everyone.

Key Features of the Act

Accessibility: Gram nyayalayas are designed to function at the panchayat (village council) level, ensuring that people in rural areas don’t have to travel far for legal help.

Jurisdiction: These courts handle civil cases, like land or property disputes, and minor criminal cases, such as theft or public nuisances.

Simplified Procedures: Unlike regular courts, gram nyayalayas focus on informal and accessible ways to resolve disputes, often encouraging conciliation or settlement instead of lengthy legal battles.

Current Status and Challenges in Implementation

Even though gram nyayalayas have the potential to make justice more accessible, their establishment has been slow. Here are some facts:

• Less than 500 gram nyayalayas have been set up, far below the target of 2,500.

• Major states like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, which have large rural populations, still do not have functioning village courts.

Why Is It Difficult to Set Up Gram Nyayalayas?

Several factors have made it hard to set up and run gram nyayalayas effectively:

Infrastructure Issues: Many of these courts do not have proper buildings or facilities to hold hearings.

Financial Constraints: There isn’t enough funding to ensure that these courts can operate smoothly and pay for staff and equipment.

Low Awareness: Many rural citizens are not aware that gram nyayalayas exist, so they do not use them.

Integration Problems: There is not enough coordination between gram nyayalayas and the higher courts, making it difficult to handle appeals and provide proper oversight.

What Happens When Gram Nyayalayas Don’t Work?

The slow implementation of gram nyayalayas has several negative effects:

• Rural litigants have to travel long distances to reach regular courts, which is time-consuming and costly.

• Minor cases remain unresolved at the local level, adding to the overall backlog in India’s already overburdened court system.

The Potential Benefits of Gram Nyayalayas

Despite the challenges, gram nyayalayas have the potential to significantly improve the judicial process in rural areas:

• Decentralized Justice: By reducing the need for rural citizens to travel to distant courts, they can save both time and money.

• Community-Centric Approach: Since these courts promote conciliation, they align with traditional methods of conflict resolution that are familiar to many rural communities.

• Inclusiveness: The simplified processes allow people to represent themselves in court, improving access to justice for those who cannot afford lawyers.

The Way Forward

To make gram nyayalayas work as intended, several changes need to be made:

Increase Resources: More funding and better infrastructure are needed to ensure these courts can operate effectively.

Public Awareness: People in rural areas must be made aware of their rights and the existence of these village courts.

Better Integration: Stronger links between gram nyayalayas and the wider judicial system are needed to ensure proper oversight and the smooth handling of appeals.

With these reforms, gram nyayalayas can help make justice more accessible and affordable for rural communities across India.

(NNI / Latest news / Latest news india / India latest news/UPSC Preparation)

"Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation Introduces Online Application Facility for Various Welfare Schemes"

Latest News: 15th September 2024, Navi-Mumbai, Maharashtra

The Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation (NMMC) has announced a major upgrade to its welfare programs with the introduction of an online application system. This new facility aims to streamline the application process for various schemes designed to support economically disadvantaged, backward classes, widows, and other vulnerable groups in the community.

Until now, applicants had to submit their forms manually at municipal offices, a process that was often cumbersome and time-consuming. With the new online system, residents can now apply for a range of welfare schemes from the comfort of their homes. The online application process will be available on the dedicated website www.schemenmmc.com until January 31, 2025.

The welfare schemes covered under this initiative include:

For Women and Children:

1. Financial assistance for the marriages of daughters of destitute, widowed, or divorced women.

2. Vocational training for unemployed educated women and girls from general categories.

3. Grants for adoptive parents of orphaned or abandoned children.

4. "Savitribai Phule Award" for women’s organizations and social institutions.

5. Workshops and training sessions for women, and kits for women’s self-help groups.

6. Financial support for women’s self-help groups engaged in business.

7. Annual educational fee assistance for orphans and abandoned children.

8. Incentives for couples undergoing surgeries for one or two daughters.

9. Financial aid for the marriage of orphan girls.

10. Support for the remarriage of widows from economically weak backgrounds.

11. Microfinance grants for women’s self-help groups undertaking personal or group businesses.

12. Health check-up camps for women and girls.

13. Financial support for young women pursuing higher professional education.

14. One-time grant for widows from economically weaker sections after the death of their earning spouse.

15. Financial aid for women with serious illnesses (e.g., HIV, cancer) for livelihood support.

16. Assistance for children who lost one or both parents due to COVID-19.

17. Training and market support for products created by transgender individuals.

18. Market support for products created by women in sex work.

19. Provision of bus passes for domestic workers.

20. Financial aid for beneficiaries undertaking vocational training provided by NMMC.

21. Bus services for students from NMMC schools.

22. Stalls for women’s self-help groups to conduct business.

23. Temporary stalls for seasonal festivals for women’s self-help groups.

For Backward Classes:

1. Incentives for inter-caste marriages.

2. Vocational training for educated unemployed youth from backward classes.

3. Educational fee assistance for high-achieving students from backward classes.

4. Financial aid for bicycles for school-going students from backward classes.

5. Entrepreneurship development workshops for backward class groups.

6. Microfinance support for self-employment among backward class individuals.

7. Grants for self-employment projects in backward class organizations.

8. Financial assistance for the marriage of daughters from economically weaker backward class families.

9. Financial aid for purchasing computers or laptops for backward class students in higher education.

10. Career guidance workshops for promising candidates from backward classes.

11. Rehabilitation programs for addiction among backward class individuals.

12. Free monthly passes for backward class students from 10th grade to college.

13. Marathi language promotion activities for youth from backward classes.

14. Financial aid for starting businesses related to vocational training provided by NMMC.

15. Support for purchasing equipment and materials for self-employment.

For Students and Youth:

1. Career guidance for needy and unemployed youth.

2. Training for needy and unemployed youth in open categories.

3. Financial support for higher education in professional fields for youth.

For Other Groups:

1. Educational fee assistance for local project-affected students pursuing higher education.

2. Financial aid for purchasing equipment for self-employment among economically weaker sections.

The municipal authorities urge all eligible beneficiaries to take advantage of these welfare schemes by applying online before the deadline. For more information or assistance, residents can contact the designated officials in various regions of Navi Mumbai.

Municipal Commissioner Dr. Kailas Shinde encourages all eligible individuals to utilize these schemes to improve their quality of life and contribute to the overall development of the community.

(NNI / Latest news / Latest news india / India latest news/UPSC Preparation)

IIL Partners with ICMR for India’s First Zika Vaccine

Latest News: 15th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

Indian Immunologicals Limited (IIL) has joined hands with the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) to develop India’s first Zika virus vaccine. They have signed an agreement called a Memorandum of Agreement (MoA) to work together on this project. The main goal is to conduct phase I clinical trials, which will test the vaccine for its safety and effectiveness in humans.

ICMR will pay for the phase I clinical trials. This includes covering all the costs for running the trials, monitoring the participants, and performing the necessary investigations to see how the vaccine works. These trials will be done in different locations in India to make sure the vaccine is thoroughly tested.

ICMR’s Phase I Trial Network

ICMR has a network of places across India where early-stage trials, like phase I clinical trials, are conducted. This network helps researchers carry out their work smoothly within the country. The trials for the Zika vaccine will take place at these four sites:

• ACTREC in Mumbai

• KEM Hospital in Mumbai

• SRM in Chennai

• PGIMER in Chandigarh

This network allows Indian scientists to test new vaccines for safety without needing to go outside the country.

Collaboration with Griffith University

In addition to working with ICMR, IIL is also partnering with Griffith University in Australia to develop the Zika vaccine. The vaccine has already gone through many pre-clinical tests, which are tests done before trying it on humans. The project has also received approval to make GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice) grade materials, which are necessary for making vaccines that are safe and of high quality for human use.

IIL’s Broader Vaccine Development Efforts

Indian Immunologicals is not only focusing on the Zika vaccine. It is also working on vaccines for other important diseases, such as:

• Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD)

• Chikungunya

• An intra-nasal booster for SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19)

This shows IIL’s dedication to creating vaccines for emerging infectious diseases, which are diseases that are becoming more common but don’t have enough treatment options.

Zika Virus Overview

The Zika virus is spread mainly by mosquito bites. Right now, there is no licensed vaccine to prevent Zika, making this new vaccine very important for public health.

About Indian Immunologicals

Indian Immunologicals Limited (IIL) was started in 1982 and is one of India’s biggest vaccine producers. It was the first company in India to make a recombinant Hepatitis B vaccine. IIL creates vaccines for both animals and humans. Some of the important vaccines in its portfolio include:

• Rabies

• DPT (Diphtheria, Pertussis, and Tetanus)

• Typhoid

IIL is part of the National Dairy Development Board, and it has more than 15 manufacturing plants across India. The company is also involved in research and development (R&D), playing a key role in helping India become more self-sufficient in vaccination programs.

About the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)

The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) was founded in 1911, making it one of the oldest medical research organizations in the world. It works under the Department of Health Research, which is part of the Government of India. ICMR has its headquarters in New Delhi and operates 26 institutes across India. The council played a major role in eradicating polio in India and also helped coordinate COVID-19 vaccine development. It is involved in many other global health initiatives and launched the National Health Portal in 2015 to provide health information to the public.

(NNI / Latest news / Latest news india / India latest news/UPSC Preparation)

"Environmental Champions Honored as Mumbai Successfully Completes Ganesh Idol Immersion with Eco-Friendly Practices"

Latest News: 13th September 2024, Navi-Mumbai, Maharashtra

In a commendable display of environmental responsibility, the Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation (NMMC) honored citizens who upheld eco-friendly practices during the Ganesh Chaturthi festival. The municipality awarded 'Cleanliness and Environmental Friend' certificates to those who installed clay Ganesh idols instead of plaster ones and supported the 'Eco-Friendly Plastic-Free Ganesh Festival' initiative. This effort aimed to promote environmental awareness and reduce pollution associated with the festival. The ceremony highlighted the city's commitment to preserving the environment while celebrating traditional festivals.

On the fifth day of the immersion process, NMMC effectively managed the immersion of 7,940 Ganesh idols across 159 designated sites, including both natural and artificial immersion points. A total of 1,925 idols were immersed in artificial tanks to protect natural water bodies. The meticulous arrangements and effective management ensured a smooth and pollution-free immersion process. This proactive approach has received positive feedback from the community, reflecting a growing awareness and commitment to environmental conservation.

(NNI / Latest news / Latest news india / India latest news/UPSC Preparation)

"New Homeless Shelter Opens in Ghansoli, Navi Mumbai to Support the City's Unhoused Population"

Latest News: 12th September 2024, Navi-Mumbai, Maharashtra

In a significant step to address the needs of the homeless and destitute citizens, the Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation (NMMC) has inaugurated a new homeless shelter in Ghansoli. The shelter, located at Plot No. 240, Sector 4, Ghansoli, began operations on March 15, 2024.

The newly established shelter is a three-story building with the capacity to accommodate up to 103 beneficiaries. The first floor is designated for men, the second floor for women, and the third floor is reserved for families, ensuring that all groups have appropriate facilities.

The shelter aims to provide essential services and support to those without any form of housing, particularly individuals who are living on the streets or in open spaces. It offers a range of services, including counseling and information about the shelter itself. Beneficiaries are assisted in moving to the shelter based on their needs and preferences.

The facilities at the shelter include free medical services, tea, breakfast, and meals, along with access to hot water for bathing, clean drinking water, and recreational activities. These services are provided at no cost to the residents.

The shelter is operated by the NMMC through the Astha Social Development Service Organization, which has been tasked with managing the facility.

Navi Mumbai Municipal Commissioner Dr. Kailas Shinde has appealed to the public to report any homeless individuals (including the elderly, women, children, and disabled persons) found on the streets within the NMMC area. Reports can be made to Mr. Tushar Pawar at 98816 36168 and Mr. Rahul Wadhe at 86693 93306.

This initiative reflects the NMMC’s ongoing commitment to improving the welfare of its most vulnerable residents and providing them with a safe and supportive environment.

(NNI / Latest news / Latest news india / India latest news/UPSC Preparation)

MeitY Launches Third Phase of Digital India Capacity Building

Latest News: 12th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) has started the third phase of its capacity-building programmes to improve the digital skills of government officials. These officials come from both Central and State governments, and the training focuses on key digital areas.

What are the Key Focus Areas?

The programme aims to strengthen government officials’ knowledge in several important areas, including:

• Digital Public Infrastructure (systems that provide government services using digital platforms).

• Contract and Procurement Management (how the government manages buying and selling goods and services).

• Artificial Intelligence (AI) & Machine Learning (ML) (using smart technologies for better decision-making).

• Managing Large Digital Transformation Projects (handling major projects that involve using new technologies).

• Digital Governance (improving the way governments use technology to serve citizens).

• Data Management (handling large amounts of data effectively and securely).

How are the training programmes being conducted?

Specialised training programmes are being offered all over the country. One of these sessions, focused on Digital Public Infrastructure, started on September 10, 2024, at the India Habitat Centre in Delhi. This is part of a series of regional programmes designed to strengthen digital skills among officials.

The National e-Governance Division (NeGD) is leading this training effort, with help from the National Institute for Smart Governance (NISG). These organisations are responsible for ensuring that the training is guided by experts and well-organised.

What is the focus on Digital Public Goods?

The NeGD is working hard to promote Digital Public Goods (DPGs), which are systems that allow citizens to easily access public services through digital platforms. The goal of the training sessions is to help officials manage DPG projects effectively so that more people can benefit from digital public services.

The training combines both theoretical knowledge (learning the concepts) and practical case studies (real-world examples). Industry experts are involved to share their insights. This approach ensures that officials gain a deeper understanding and practical skills to apply in their own departments.

What is Digital Public Infrastructure?

crefers to the digital systems that help provide government services and public goods, such as:

• e-Governance tools (online platforms for government services).

• Open data platforms (data made publicly available to improve transparency).

• Identity management systems (like India’s Aadhaar system, which provides a digital identity for citizens).

DPI helps include more people in the digital world by giving them access to important services through the internet. Countries with strong DPI systems often see better economic growth and more citizen participation in governance. New technologies, like blockchain, are also being integrated into DPI to improve efficiency and security.

About the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY)

MeitY, created in 2016, is responsible for policies related to information technology, e-governance, and electronics manufacturing in India. It leads initiatives like Digital India, which aims to create a digitally empowered society. MeitY also supports innovation through programmes like Startup India, develops important policies like the National Digital Communications Policy, and works on cybersecurity and data protection laws, including the Personal Data Protection Bill. Additionally, it plays a key role in international technology agreements and helps develop skills in the electronics and IT sectors.

(NNI / Latest news / Latest news india / India latest news/UPSC Preparation)

Yudh Abhyas-2024

Latest News: 11th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

The 20th edition of the India-USA Joint Military Exercise, Yudh Abhyas 2024, started on September 9, 2024, at the Foreign Training Node in Mahajan Field Firing Ranges, Rajasthan. This exercise, scheduled from September 9 to 22, has grown larger and more complex compared to previous years.

History of YUDH ABHYAS

Yudh Abhyas has been held every year since 2004. The location alternates between India and the USA, providing both countries with a chance to work together and improve their military skills. It has become an important event for strengthening their defense ties.

This year, both nations are sending strong forces. India is represented by 600 personnel from the RAJPUT Regiment and other army branches. The United States has sent an equally strong team from the 1-24 Battalion of the 11th Airborne Division, based in Alaska.

Aims of the Exercise

The main goal of Yudh Abhyas is to improve how Indian and US forces work together to conduct counter-terrorism operations. These operations take place in unique, difficult situations, following the rules set out by the United Nations (Chapter VII).

What are the Focus Areas?

The exercise takes place in a semi-desert setting. Important activities include:

• Working together to respond to terrorist actions

• Joint planning for missions

• Field training that mimics real counter-terrorism operations

Benefits of the Exercise

Yudh Abhyas allows both countries to share knowledge about tactics and military strategies, improving how their forces work together. It helps build teamwork and friendship between Indian and US forces and strengthens defense cooperation, which supports a stronger relationship between the two nations.

About Yudh Abhyas

Yudh Abhyas is an annual exercise between the Indian and US military forces, focusing on improving how they work together during counter-terrorism missions. The exercise started in 2004 and takes place in both India and the US in alternating years. In addition to practicing tactical operations, it includes live-fire drills and training in providing humanitarian assistance. It also involves air and logistical support, reflecting the growing strategic partnership between the two countries.

(NNI / Latest news / Latest news india / India latest news/UPSC Preparation)

SpaceX Aims to Launch Uncrewed Starships to Mars in Two Years

Latest News: 10th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

SpaceX is preparing to launch its first uncrewed Starship missions to Mars in the next two years, aligning with the ideal timing for space travel between Earth and Mars, known as the Earth-Mars transfer window. Elon Musk, the CEO of SpaceX, shared this announcement on social media. These initial missions are critical because their success will help plan for human missions to Mars within the next four years.

Uncrewed Starship Mission Goals

The primary goal of the uncrewed Starship missions is to test how well the spacecraft can land on Mars. These tests are crucial to ensure the technology works correctly before humans are sent on future missions. If the landings are successful, they will be a key step toward exploring Mars with humans onboard.

Timeline for SpaceX’s Mars Mission

Next 2 Years: The first uncrewed missions to Mars will be launched to test Starship’s reliability.

Next 4 Years: Crewed missions will be launched, provided the uncrewed flights succeed.

Next 20 Years: SpaceX aims to build a self-sustaining city on Mars, allowing humans to live there permanently.

Previous Achievements

In April, Musk mentioned that SpaceX hoped to land its first uncrewed Starship on Mars within five years, with human missions following two years later. SpaceX has already made important progress, such as a successful test of Starship in June, when it safely returned and landed in the Indian Ocean.

SpaceX’s Future Goals

Elon Musk sees the Starship as a game-changing spacecraft that could be used not only for Mars missions but also for trips to the Moon and other space exploration missions. The goal is for Starship to serve as a versatile platform for many types of missions over the coming decade.

About SpaceX

SpaceX, founded by Elon Musk in 2002, was the first private company to reach space orbit in 2008 with its Falcon 1 rocket. In 2012, its Dragon spacecraft became the first commercial vehicle to deliver cargo to the International Space Station (ISS). SpaceX also focuses on making rockets reusable to reduce the costs of space travel. In 2020, SpaceX successfully launched astronauts as part of NASA’s Commercial Crew Program, marking the first time astronauts were launched from U.S. soil since 2011.

(NNI / Latest news / Latest news india / India latest news/UPSC Preparation)

New Antarctic Dragonfish Species Discovered by Researchers

Latest News: 09th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

Antarctica’s waters are incredibly rich in marine life, with many species still unknown to science. Recent research by William & Mary’s Virginia Institute of Marine

Science has revealed a new species of fish in the Antarctic Peninsula. This new species is called the Banded Dragonfish (Akarotaxis gouldae).

Identification of the New Species

Researchers discovered the Banded Dragonfish while studying tiny sea creatures called zooplankton. Initially, they thought it was a different species, Akarotaxis nudiceps. However, as the fish grew, they noticed it had distinct features that set it apart. These features include two dark vertical bands and other unique traits that helped in its accurate identification.

Naming the New Species

The Banded Dragonfish is named after the Laurence M Gould, an Antarctic research vessel that played a significant role in scientific exploration but has now been retired. The Banded Dragonfish has a slim body, a broad snout, a long mouth, and large, oval-shaped eyes. Its most distinguishing features are the two dark bands on its sides.

How Researchers Studied the Fish

Researchers used genetic tests and a method called phylogenetic analysis to understand the evolution of this fish. They found that Akarotaxis gouldae and Akarotaxis nudiceps split into different species about 780,000 years ago. This separation likely occurred because of the isolated, glacial conditions that led to them becoming distinct species over time. The Banded Dragonfish is found only in the deep waters of the western Antarctic Peninsula. Studying this fish is challenging because it lives in very deep and remote areas of the ocean.

Significance of the Discovery

Finding Akarotaxis gouldae highlights the rich but hidden diversity in Antarctic waters. It also shows there could be many more unknown species waiting to be discovered as scientists continue exploring this under-researched area.

Facts About Antarctic Dragonfish

• Habitat: Lives in very deep Antarctic waters, up to 2,000 meters deep.

• Body: Transparent bodies to help them blend in and special proteins in their blood to stop ice from forming.

• Diet: Eats small fish and krill.

• Size: Can grow up to 38 cm long.

• Bioluminescence: Their bodies can glow in the dark, helping them communicate and hide from predators.

• Unique Features: No scales and has long teeth to catch prey.

(NNI / Latest news / Latest news india / India latest news/UPSC Preparation)

India’s First Bio-Hydrogen Project

Latest News: 08th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

The Indian government awarded a contract to develop the country’s first bio-hydrogen project, led by Gensol Engineering in collaboration with Matrix Gas & Renewables. Valued at Rs 164 crore, the project aims to align with the National Green Hydrogen Mission and is set to process 25 tonnes of bio-waste daily, producing 1 tonne of green hydrogen using advanced gasification technology over 18 months.

What is Bio-Hydrogen?

Bio-hydrogen is a type of hydrogen that is produced from organic materials, such as plants, food waste, or certain microorganisms. Unlike traditional hydrogen, which is typically made from fossil fuels like coal or natural gas, bio-hydrogen comes from natural sources like agricultural leftovers, food scraps, and industrial waste. This makes it a cleaner and more eco-friendly alternative. There are different ways to produce bio-hydrogen:

Biophotolysis: This method uses sunlight to split water molecules in organisms like algae, releasing hydrogen.

Dark Fermentation: Here, bacteria break down organic material without oxygen, creating hydrogen as a byproduct.

In the new Indian project, Gensol Engineering will use a technology called Plasma-Induced Radiant Energy-Based Gasification System (GH2-PREGS). This advanced process turns carbon-based waste into hydrogen gas.

Why is Bio-Hydrogen Important for India?

India is working hard to reduce its dependence on fossil fuels and move towards greener energy. One of the key initiatives supporting this is the National Green Hydrogen Mission. Given that India produces a huge amount of agricultural waste every year, bio-hydrogen provides a way to use that waste to create clean energy. This approach not only reduces environmental pollution but also supports industries, like steel and cement, that are looking to lower their emissions.

Bio-hydrogen also has the potential to help rural communities by setting up local plants that turn farm waste into energy, providing jobs and cleaner energy sources.

Opportunities for India’s Bio-Hydrogen Sector

India generates around 380 million tonnes of agricultural waste each year, providing a huge opportunity for bio-hydrogen production. Turning waste into clean energy can reduce pollution and contribute to a greener future. Additionally, industries like steel and cement, which are hard to make environmentally friendly, can use bio-hydrogen to lower their emissions.

(NNI / Latest news / Latest news india / India latest news/UPSC Preparation)

2024 State of Global Air Report

Latest News: 07th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

The 2024 State of Global Air Report brings alarming news about air pollution and its impact on children’s health in India. Every day, 464 children under the age of five die because of air pollution, making it the second largest cause of death for young children worldwide. This problem is especially severe in low and middle-income countries like India, and it needs immediate attention.

What is PM2.5 Particles?

PM2.5 particles are tiny bits of pollution that can be found in the air. These particles are very dangerous because they are small enough to get deep into our lungs. Once they enter the body, they can cause serious health problems like heart and lung diseases, diabetes, and even dementia. More than 90% of deaths related to air pollution are linked to these PM2.5 particles.

Impact on Young Children

Young children are particularly vulnerable to the harmful effects of air pollution. In 2021, nearly 5 million children worldwide died from indoor air pollution caused by dirty fuels like wood or coal used for cooking and heating. This shows how badly air pollution is affecting children’s health and why urgent action is needed to protect them.

What causes Air Pollution?

The main causes of air pollution include:

• Fossil fuel power plants (such as coal and oil power stations)

• Traffic emissions (pollution from cars and trucks)

• Poor waste management (garbage that is not properly disposed of)

• Burning of agricultural waste (farmers burning crop residue)

These sources of pollution are especially severe in cities like Delhi, making urban areas more polluted.

Rankings and Life Expectancy

According to the 6th Annual World Air Quality Report, New Delhi is the most polluted capital city in the world. India ranks third overall for the highest pollution levels globally. The toxic air reduces the life expectancy of people living in the country. On average, people in India are living three years less because of the bad air quality. In the northern areas, like Delhi, people could lose as much as 5.4 years of their lives due to pollution.

Government Efforts to Tackle the Crisis

The government is aware of the seriousness of the situation. A joint meeting was planned for September 5, 2024, where different government departments would come together to create a plan to reduce pollution in Delhi. The goal is to find effective strategies to tackle the issue.

The report stresses that air pollution is a bigger threat to public health than malnutrition and alcohol. It also reduces life expectancy more than smoking. To protect the health of current and future generations, it is essential to take strong and urgent measures to reduce air pollution as soon as possible.

(NNI / Latest news / Latest news india / India latest news/UPSC Preparation)

India Launches National Blockchain Framework

Latest News: 06th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

The Ministry of Labour & Employment (MoLE) recently highlighted the success of the eShram portal, which has registered over 30 crore unorganised workers since it was launched three years ago. This is a big achievement, as it shows progress in creating a digital system to support unorganised workers in India.

Purpose of the eShram Portal

The eShram portal is meant to be a “One-Stop-Solution” for unorganised workers. This means it helps them access various social security schemes all in one place, making it easier for them to get the benefits they are entitled to.

Government Initiatives

In the 2024-25 Budget speech, the government announced plans to further improve the eShram portal by linking it with other online platforms. This will make the portal even more useful as a central resource for unorganised workers.

Integration with Social Security Schemes

The Ministry of Labour & Employment is working to connect important social security schemes to the eShram portal. These schemes include:

• Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY): A life insurance scheme.

• Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY): An accident insurance scheme.

• Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY): A health insurance scheme.

• Pradhan Mantri Street Vendors Atmanirbhar Nidhi (PM-SVANidhi): A scheme providing financial support to street vendors.

• Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA): A scheme that guarantees employment in rural areas.

• Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana Gramin (PMAY-G): A scheme for providing housing in rural areas.

• Ration Card Scheme: A scheme that provides subsidized food grains to eligible families.

Benefits for Unorganised Workers

By connecting these schemes to the eShram portal, unorganised workers will find it easier to access essential services and benefits. This integration will help ensure that these workers can secure their rights and improve their welfare more effectively. The portal is designed to make their lives better by providing them with easier access to important resources and support.

(NNI / Latest news / Latest news india / India latest news/UPSC Preparation)

eShram Portal Registers 30 Crore Unorganised Workers

Latest News: 05th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

The Ministry of Labour & Employment (MoLE) recently highlighted the success of the eShram portal, which has registered over 30 crore unorganised workers since it was launched three years ago. This is a big achievement, as it shows progress in creating a digital system to support unorganised workers in India.

Purpose of the eShram Portal

The eShram portal is meant to be a “One-Stop-Solution” for unorganised workers. This means it helps them access various social security schemes all in one place, making it easier for them to get the benefits they are entitled to.

Government Initiatives

In the 2024-25 Budget speech, the government announced plans to further improve the eShram portal by linking it with other online platforms. This will make the portal even more useful as a central resource for unorganised workers.

Integration with Social Security Schemes

The Ministry of Labour & Employment is working to connect important social security schemes to the eShram portal. These schemes include:

• Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY): A life insurance scheme.

• Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY): An accident insurance scheme.

• Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY): A health insurance scheme.

• Pradhan Mantri Street Vendors Atmanirbhar Nidhi (PM-SVANidhi): A scheme providing financial support to street vendors.

• Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA): A scheme that guarantees employment in rural areas.

• Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana Gramin (PMAY-G): A scheme for providing housing in rural areas.

• Ration Card Scheme: A scheme that provides subsidized food grains to eligible families.

Benefits for Unorganised Workers

By connecting these schemes to the eShram portal, unorganised workers will find it easier to access essential services and benefits. This integration will help ensure that these workers can secure their rights and improve their welfare more effectively. The portal is designed to make their lives better by providing them with easier access to important resources and support.

(NNI / Latest news / Latest news india / India latest news/UPSC Preparation)

Centre approves ₹2,817 Crore Digital Agriculture Mission

Latest News: 04th September 2024, UPSC Preparation

The Indian government has recently given the green light to the Digital Agriculture Mission, dedicating ₹2,817 crore to improve farming practices and boost the livelihoods of farmers. This decision was made during a cabinet meeting, showing the government’s strong commitment to modernizing agriculture using digital technology.

What is the Digital Agriculture Mission?

The Digital Agriculture Mission is a new initiative aimed at creating a digital framework for agriculture, similar to other successful digital infrastructures in the country. The goal is to use technology to make farming more efficient and productive. This mission builds on previous pilot projects that have shown promising results, and it is expected to bring significant improvements to farming in India.

Support for Farmers

Alongside the Digital Agriculture Mission, the government has also launched several other programs to support farmers and ensure food and nutritional security. One key focus is helping farmers prepare for climate change by introducing resilient crops that can withstand changing weather patterns.

Financial Plan

The government has laid out a detailed investment plan with specific allocations for various programs:

Digital Agriculture Mission: ₹2,817 crore to integrate technology into farming.

Food and Nutritional Security Programme: ₹3,979 crore to ensure that everyone has access to enough nutritious food.

Sustainable Horticulture Development: ₹860 crore to promote the growth of fruits, vegetables, and other plants in a sustainable way.

Strengthening Krishi Vigyan Kendra: ₹1,202 crore to support agricultural research centers that provide training and advice to farmers.

Natural Resource Management: ₹1,115 crore to ensure the sustainable use of natural resources like water and soil.

Sustainable Livestock Health and Production: ₹1,702 crore to improve the health and productivity of livestock.

Overall Impact

These initiatives aim to improve the lives of farmers by making agriculture more productive, sustainable, and resilient to climate change. By taking this comprehensive approach, the government hopes to create a strong and sustainable agricultural system in India by the year 2047.

(NNI / Latest news / Latest news india / India latest news/UPSC Preparation)

Activists Urge Review of EU’s 2030 Emission Goals

Latest News: 03rd September 2024, UPSC Preparation

Environmental activists, including groups like Climate Action Network and the Global Legal Action Network, are taking legal action against the European Commission. They believe that the European Union’s (EU) current plans to reduce emissions by 2030 are not strong enough to meet the goals of the Paris Agreement. The Paris Agreement aims to limit global warming to 1.5°C, and the activists argue that the EU’s targets fall short of this important goal.

Background of the Case

This case is significant because it’s the first time that EU courts will look into whether the EU’s climate targets are adequate. In the past, the European Court of Human Rights has ruled that countries must set emission targets based on science to stay within the 1.5°C limit. This case will test if the EU’s targets are truly science-based and if they meet the necessary standards to protect the environment.

What Legal Steps Have Been Taken?

On August 23, 2024, the two non-profit organizations asked the European Commission to review its Annual Emissions Allocations (AEA), which are the emission reduction targets set for each EU member state. When the Commission refused their request on December 14, 2023, the NGOs decided to take the matter to the EU Court on February 27, 2024. The court has recognized the urgency of the climate crisis, so it has given this case a high priority, with a hearing planned for 2025.

Emission Targets and Regulations

The Annual Emissions Allocations (AEA) are part of the EU Effort-Sharing Regulation, which requires each EU country to reduce emissions by a specific amount by 2030. This covers sectors like transport, buildings, and agriculture. However, the activists argue that these targets have not been thoroughly evaluated through scientific studies, and they worry that the targets won’t be enough to meet climate goals.

Implications of Insufficient Targets

The activists believe that the current EU emission targets could lead to a global temperature increase of 3°C by the year 2100 if other countries follow similar weak efforts. This level of warming could have severe consequences for the planet. To avoid this, the activists are pushing for a 65% reduction in emissions by 2030. They believe this is necessary for the EU to remain a leader in the fight against climate change.

If the activists win the case, the EU might be forced to set more ambitious emission reduction targets. This would not only align the EU’s actions with its own environmental laws but also strengthen its commitments under global climate agreements.

About the European Union

The European Union (EU) began in 1951 as the European Coal and Steel Community and has since grown into a union of 27 member countries with over 447 million people. The euro is the official currency in 19 of these countries. The Schengen Area allows people to travel between 26 countries without needing a passport. The EU has signed important treaties like the Maastricht and Lisbon Treaties, and it is committed to achieving carbon neutrality by 2050. It also supports cultural exchanges through programs like Erasmus+.

(NNI / Latest news / Latest news india / India latest news/UPSC Preparation)

Vulture Count 2024

Latest News: 02nd September 2024, UPSC Preparation

World Wide Fund(WWF)-India has started a new project called “Vulture Count 2024,” which will take place from September 7 to October 6, 2024. This initiative is timed to coincide with International Vulture Awareness Day. The goal is to count and evaluate the number of vultures in India, particularly focusing on species that are critically endangered. The project also aims to raise public awareness about the importance of vultures in our ecosystems.

Why are vultures important?

Vultures are very important to the environment because they act as nature’s cleanup crew. They eat dead animals (carrion), which helps prevent the spread of diseases among other animals, livestock, and even humans. By doing this, they also help recycle nutrients back into the environment, keeping the ecological balance intact.

Challenges Facing Vulture Populations

Vulture populations in India have dramatically decreased due to several threats, including:

Toxic Chemicals: Vultures often die after eating animals that have been treated with harmful non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as diclofenac.

Loss of Habitat: As human development expands, vultures are losing the natural areas they need to survive.

Electrocution: Vultures can get electrocuted by power lines.

Lack of Food: The availability of food has decreased, making it harder for vultures to find enough to eat.

Human Disturbances: Human activities often disrupt vulture habitats, making it difficult for them to thrive.

Goals of Vulture Count 2024

The main goals of the “Vulture Count 2024” initiative are:

Monitor Vulture Populations: Systematically track how many vultures there are to understand population trends.

Identify Critical Habitats: Find out which areas are most important for vulture survival.

Assess Environmental Impacts: Evaluate how the environment is affecting vulture populations.

The data collected from this initiative will help in creating better strategies for conserving vultures and spreading awareness about their importance.

Community Involvement

WWF-India is encouraging everyone, from citizen scientists and bird enthusiasts to local communities, to take part in this important project. Dipankar Ghose, a senior director at WWF-India, has highlighted the crucial role that volunteers can play in collecting data for vulture conservation.

Which Vulture Species Will Be Counted?

The count will focus on specific vulture species in India, including White-rumped vulture, Red-headed vulture, Indian vulture, Bearded vulture, Slender-billed vulture, Himalayan griffon, Eurasian griffon, Egyptian vulture and Cinereous vulture.

About WWF-India

WWF-India, established in 1969, is part of the global World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) network. The organization focuses on protecting wildlife, preserving habitats, and promoting sustainable development. WWF-India runs over 100 projects across the country, with a particular focus on endangered species like the Bengal tiger and Indian rhinoceros. The organization also works on community-based conservation, encouraging eco-friendly practices. Through initiatives like the Green Schools program, WWF-India educates students about sustainability. The organization collaborates with government bodies to advocate for environmental policies and supports reforestation efforts to fight climate change.

(NNI / Latest news / Latest news india / India latest news/UPSC Preparation)

Study Reveals Microplastics Dominant in Indian Personal Care Products

Latest News: 29th August 2024, UPSC Preparation

A study led by Riya K. Alex at Cochin University has brought attention to the presence of microplastics, especially polyethylene (PE), in personal care products (PCPs). The study highlights concerns about the effects of these tiny plastic particles on the environment and human health, particularly in a fast-growing market like India.

What Are Microplastics?

Microplastics are tiny plastic particles that are smaller than 5 millimeters, which is about the size of a sesame seed. These microplastics include microbeads, which are even smaller, ranging from 1 to 1,000 micrometers (about the thickness of a human hair). Microbeads are often found in personal care products like face washes and scrubs.

Key Findings from the Study

Samples Analyzed: The study looked at 45 different personal care products from 2022, including face washes, scrubs, shower gels, and body scrubs.

Types of Microbeads: About 23.33% of the products contained microbeads made from cellulose, a material whose ability to break down naturally is still uncertain.

Appearance of Microbeads: The microbeads were mostly white, making them harder to see and detect.

Materials Used: More than half of the microbeads were made of polyethylene (PE). Other materials found included polypropylene and polyester.

Microbead Content: On average, microbeads made up 1.34% of the total weight of the products, but this amount varied depending on the type of product.

Microbeads in Personal Care Products

The study also provided specific amounts of microbeads found in different products:

• Face Wash: About 0.26 grams of microbeads in every 30 grams of product.

• Face Scrub: About 0.90 grams of microbeads in every 30 grams of product.

• Body Scrub: About 1.24 grams of microbeads in every 30 grams of product.

• Shower Gel: About 1.74 grams of microbeads in every 30 grams of product.

Shower gels contained the largest microbeads, with sizes averaging between 606.30 and 640.74 micrometers. These microbeads had irregular shapes, which could make them more harmful to the environment.

Environmental Impact of Microbeads

Microbeads are a significant environmental concern because they can enter the food chain and cause pollution. Their irregular shapes make them more likely to absorb harmful pollutants, increasing the risks they pose to aquatic life and ecosystems. The study also raised concerns about “greenwashing”—when products are marketed as “eco-friendly,” “organic,” or “natural,” but still contain significant amounts of plastic. In India, many consumers may not fully understand the ingredient lists on products, allowing companies to benefit from this lack of awareness.

The Regulatory Landscape

While some countries have banned the use of microbeads, India’s regulations on microbeads are still unclear. As consumer purchasing power grows, the study predicts that India could see a significant increase in microbead pollution by 2030. Microplastics are not just in personal care products—they are found in many everyday items, including food like salt and sugar, and even in human tissues. This widespread presence of microplastics raises serious public health concerns.

(NNI / Latest news / Latest news india / India latest news/UPSC Preparation)

FSSAI Withdraws Advisory on A1, A2 Milk Claims

Latest News: 27th August 2024, UPSC Preparation

The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) reversed its earlier advisory. This advisory had instructed food businesses to remove any references to ‘A1’ and ‘A2’ milk from their product packaging. The decision to retract this advisory was made to allow more discussions with food sector stakeholders.

Implications for Food Businesses

With the advisory withdrawn, food businesses can now continue to market and sell products that mention ‘A1’ and ‘A2’ types of milk. This means they do not have to remove these claims from their labels or stop using A1 and A2 branding.

Understanding A1 and A2 Milk

The difference between A1 and A2 milk lies in the type of beta-casein protein they contain. This protein variation is due to differences in cow breeds:

A1 Milk: Contains A1 beta-casein protein, which is found in certain breeds of cows.

A2 Milk: Contains A2 beta-casein protein, which is linked to other breeds of cows.

FSSAI’s Previous Advisory

On August 21, 2024, FSSAI issued an advisory requiring food businesses to remove any claims about A1 and A2 milk from their products and online listings. This was because current regulations under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006, did not recognize these protein differences. The earlier advisory had given food businesses six months to use up existing labels that mentioned A1 and A2 milk. This created challenges for businesses that relied on these claims for branding. With the advisory now withdrawn, the FSSAI plans to hold further discussions with industry stakeholders. These talks aim to review and possibly revise the regulations regarding A1 and A2 milk, which could lead to new guidelines and standards in the future.

About FSSAI

The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) is responsible for regulating food safety in India. Established in 2006, it operates under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare with its headquarters in New Delhi. FSSAI sets food safety standards, issues licenses, and conducts inspections. The organization’s logo includes a unique license number for traceability. FSSAI also runs awareness campaigns on food safety and nutrition and monitors food quality testing labs across the country.

(NNI / Latest news / Latest news india / India latest news/UPSC Preparation)

Union Cabinet Approves BioE3 Biomanufacturing Policy

Latest News: 27th August 2024, UPSC Preparation

The Union Cabinet of India, led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, approved the BioE3 policy, which stands for “Biotechnology for Economy, Environment, and Employment”, on August 25, 2024. This policy aims to use advancements in biotechnology to support India’s development goals by 2047.

What is the Objective of the BioE3 Policy?

The main goal of the BioE3 policy is to integrate biotechnology into traditional supply chains. This means using biotechnological innovations to improve sustainability, drive economic growth, and create new jobs. The policy also aims to position India as a global leader in biomanufacturing, a field where biotechnology is used to produce goods and materials. The policy highlights the potential of biotechnology to change the way things are produced. By moving away from harmful, unsustainable practices and adopting more regenerative, eco-friendly methods, biotechnology can help transform the global economy. This shift is crucial for addressing environmental issues while also making production processes more efficient and effective.

What are the Key Features of the BioE3 Policy?

Technological Development: The policy plans to set up advanced biomanufacturing facilities, bio-AI hubs, and biofoundries. These are specialized centers that will focus on using biotechnology in innovative ways.

Recycling and Material Innovation: One important aspect of the policy is to improve recycling processes and develop new materials that are less harmful to the environment. This will help reduce waste and minimize the environmental impact of production.

Integrated Research Networks: The policy encourages collaboration among research institutions. By working together, these institutions can foster innovation in biotechnology, leading to discoveries and applications.

How Will the BioE3 Policy Be Implemented?

The BioE3 policy outlines three main strategies to ensure successful implementation:

Discovery and Integrated Research: This strategy focuses on encouraging innovation through collaborative research. By bringing together different research institutions, the policy aims to create a network of knowledge and expertise.

Bridging Gaps: The policy identifies gaps in current biotechnological applications and seeks to close these gaps. This could involve developing new technologies or improving existing ones to make them more effective.

Bio-Enablement Hubs: These hubs will be established to support the advancement of biotechnology. They will provide the necessary infrastructure and resources to help biotechnological innovations flourish.

Anticipated Outcomes

The BioE3 policy is expected to create over 8,000 biotechnology startups. This will lead to more job opportunities and contribute significantly to the growth of India’s GDP. The policy also aims to provide innovative solutions in areas like food security, health, and sustainability. These solutions could benefit a wide range of sectors, from disaster relief to space exploration. The long-term vision of the BioE3 policy is to create a sustainable and innovative future. The policy aims to address critical global challenges, such as climate change and resource depletion, ensuring a healthier planet for future generations. By focusing on sustainability and innovation, the BioE3 policy seeks to build a better world for everyone.

(NNI / Latest news / Latest news india / India latest news/UPSC Preparation)

India to Host First World Audio Visual & Entertainment Summit

Latest News: 25th August 2024, UPSC Preparation

India is rapidly becoming a major force in producing media content, thanks to the rise of OTT (Over-The-Top) platforms like Netflix and Amazon Prime. These platforms have made it easier for Indian content to reach audiences all over the world, giving Indian creators a chance to showcase their work on a global stage. This growth is helping the Indian Media and Entertainment (M&E) industry make a big impact internationally.

Diverse Content Production

India’s content creation is incredibly diverse, covering everything from movies and television shows to news, sports, and digital media. This variety reflects India’s rich culture and traditions. The focus is on entertainment, but there’s also a strong push for innovation and inclusion, making sure the content keeps up with global trends and appeals to a wide range of audiences.

OTT Platforms

The rise of OTT platforms is changing the game for Indian media. These platforms allow Indian movies, shows, and other content to be streamed in more than 130 countries. This not only increases the reach of Indian content but also positions India as a key player in producing high-quality and affordable media. It has opened doors for international partnerships and collaborations, making India a central hub for content production.

Recognition of India’s Potential

India is already known as a leader in animation and visual effects (VFX), with a reputation for creative excellence. The Indian government recognizes the potential of the M&E sector and is actively supporting its growth. The government sees this industry as a key area that can drive economic development and create new opportunities for the country.

World Audio Visual & Entertainment Summit (WAVES)

To further boost India’s M&E industry, the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting is organizing the first-ever World Audio Visual & Entertainment Summit (WAVES), in Goa from 20th to 24th November 2024. This event aims to strengthen India’s connections with the global entertainment industry, focusing on the economics of entertainment and new technological advancements.

‘Create in India Challenge’

During the WAVES summit, Union Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw launched the ‘Create in India Challenge – Season 1,’ which introduces 25 new initiatives to encourage innovation in the M&E sector. This challenge reflects the government’s commitment to improving creativity and attracting investment in the industry. The WAVES summit is expected to be a crucial platform for discussions, trade partnerships, and solving industry challenges. By bringing together industry leaders and innovators, the summit aims to shape the future of India’s M&E sector and expand its influence around the world.

(NNI / Latest news / Latest news india / India latest news/UPSC Preparation)

Sanjeev Raina Appointed ITBP Additional Director General

Latest News: 24th August 2024, UPSC Preparation

Sanjeev Raina, a senior officer from the 1987 batch of the Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP), has been appointed as the Additional Director General (ADG) of the ITBP. He will be specifically responsible for overseeing the forces along the India-China Line of Actual Control (LAC). This is a significant event because he is only the second officer who is not from the Indian Police Service (IPS) to reach this high rank in the history of the ITBP.

Why This Appointment Is Important

The ITBP was created in 1962, mainly to handle mountain warfare and protect the borders. Normally, the ADG position is filled by IPS officers, who usually come from a broader police background. Raina’s promotion to ADG shows that there is increasing respect and recognition for the skills and expertise within the ITBP itself, especially for officers who have spent many years working directly in challenging field conditions.

Sanjeev Raina’s Career

Sanjeev Raina has been with the ITBP for more than 30 years, starting his service in November 1987. Throughout his career, he has played key roles in some of India’s most sensitive and difficult areas, such as Ladakh and Jammu and Kashmir. One of his major achievements is setting up the Counter Insurgency and Jungle Warfare (CIJW) school in Mahidanda, Uttarakhand. This school has been important for improving the training of ITBP personnel, particularly in techniques for fighting in mountainous terrain. As the ADG of the Western Command, which is based in Chandigarh, Raina will be in charge of the ITBP units stationed along the LAC. This includes areas like Ladakh, Uttarakhand, and Himachal Pradesh. He will also supervise units in other regions, such as Punjab, Delhi, and Jammu and Kashmir, ensuring that the forces are prepared and effective in their duties. Although this appointment is a big deal, Raina’s time in this role will be short. He is set to retire in just over a month. After he retires, Inspector General (IG) Jaspal Singh will take over as the new ADG.

About Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)

The Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP), established in 1962, is one of India’s Central Armed Police Forces. Its main job is to secure the Indo-Tibetan border, which stretches for 3,488 km. The ITBP is especially known for operating in very high-altitude areas, with some units stationed at altitudes over 21,000 feet. The ITBP was the first Indian force to reach the war front in Kashmir during the 1965 war.

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Former Army Chief General Sundararajan Padmanabhan Dies at 83

Latest News: 22nd August 2024, UPSC Preparation

General Sundararajan Padmanabhan, a former Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army, died on August 19, 2024, in Chennai at the age of 83. Known as “Paddy” among friends, he is remembered for his outstanding leadership.

Career Overview

General Padmanabhan had a long military career of over 43 years. He was Chief of Army Staff from September 30, 2000, to December 31, 2002, and played a key role in important military operations.

Early Life and Education

He was born on December 5, 1940, in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. He attended several top military schools, including the Rashtriya Indian Military College and the National Defence Academy. He also studied at the Defence Services Staff College and the National Defence College.

Military Contributions

Padmanabhan was commissioned into the Regiment of Artillery on December 13, 1959. Throughout his career, he held several important positions:

• Commander of the Gazala Field Regiment

• Led two infantry brigades and an artillery brigade

• Commanded an infantry division in the Western Sector as a Major General

• Led a Corps in Kashmir, focusing on counter-terrorism operations as a Lieutenant General

Legacy and Tributes

General Padmanabhan is remembered for his dedication to the nation and military excellence. His death has been mourned by many, including Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M K Stalin and State Governor R N Ravi, who praised his respected leadership. His funeral will be held on Tuesday evening.

About General Sundararajan Padmanabhan

General Padmanabhan was the 19th Chief of Army Staff from 2000 to 2002. He played a significant role in the Kargil War and was known for his strategic planning. He was the first Indian Army chief to earn a PhD in military studies and was an advocate for modernizing the army with advanced technology. After retiring, he continued to contribute to defense policy and served on various committees, also focusing on leadership training within the armed forces.

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Broad definitions in Telecom Act pit telcos and OTTs against each other yet again

Latest News: 21st August 2024

A war over interpretation of what a telecommunication service is under the new Telecommunication Act has broken out between telecom operators and social media companies, with the former arguing that over-the-top (OTT) communications platforms like WhatsApp and Google Meet are indeed covered under the definition of a telecom service.

This points to the vague manner in which telecom services have been defined under the Act, and despite the government’s clarification to the media earlier that OTTs don’t fall under the definition, experts believe media statements do not have the same sanctity as the legal word – and see this as the key reason behind this new divergence in the interpretation.

(NNI / Latest news / Latest news india / India latest news/UPSC Preparation)

17th Divya Kala Mela in Raipur

Latest News: 20th August 2024

Union Minister Dr. Virendra Kumar inaugurated the 17th Divya Kala Mela in Raipur, Chhattisgarh. Organized by the Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities, this event celebrates the talents of Divyang (disabled) individuals.

Purpose of the Event

The Divya Kala Mela aims to empower disabled artisans and entrepreneurs by giving them a platform to showcase their skills and creativity. The fair features 100 Divyang artisans, artists, and entrepreneurs from 20 different states and union territories across India. They present a diverse range of products and cultural expressions. In addition to product displays, the week-long fair includes cultural programs where participants can showcase their talents in music, dance, and drama, adding to the event’s cultural richness.

Facts About Divya Kala Mela

• Divya Kala Mela is a cultural festival in India that celebrates the talents of people with disabilities.

• Organized by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, it showcases crafts, arts, and performances.

• Since its inception in 2012, the mela has aimed to promote inclusivity and empower disabled artisans.

• The event includes stalls featuring handicrafts, food, and cultural programs, providing participants with exposure and livelihood opportunities.

• It also raises awareness about accessible art and fosters interaction between the disabled community and the public.

Facts About Raipur

• Raipur, the capital of Chhattisgarh, India, is known for its steel and cement industries.

• It is home to the Mahant Rajiv Gandhi Memorial Medical College and has a population of over one million, making it one of the state’s largest cities.

• Raipur features attractions like the Doodhadhari Monastery and Temple and the historic Rajiv Gandhi Smriti Mandir.

• The city is also a bustling trade and agricultural hub, especially for rice and tendu leaves.

• Raipur Airport connects the city to major destinations, boosting its economic importance.

  (NNI / Latest news / Latest news india / India latest news/UPSC Preparation)

Union Cabinet Approves Three Major Metro Projects in India

Latest News: 19th August 2024

The Union Cabinet approved three new Metro projects in India to improve city transportation. These are the Bengaluru Metro Phase-3, Thane Integral Ring Metro, and an extension of the Pune Metro, with a total estimated cost of ₹30,765.5 crore.

Bengaluru Metro Phase-3

This expansion will add 42.3 km to the existing Metro network and introduce 14 new stations. It will connect key areas such as Kempegowda International Airport and the IT corridor. A notable feature is a 22.8 km underground section, which will help reduce traffic congestion on the surface. The project, utilizing advanced tunneling technology, is set to be completed by 2025. It is expected to improve public transportation significantly and cut travel times. The estimated cost is around ₹15,000 crore, with partial funding from the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank.

Thane Integral Ring Metro

The extension will include two lines: Line 1, running from PCMC to Swargate, and Line 2, from Bhosari to Swargate. It covers about 32 kilometers and aims to reduce urban congestion. Started in 2019, the project features a combination of elevated and underground tracks and uses modern, energy-efficient trains. The first section opened in 2022, and the full extension is expected by 2025. This extension is designed to improve travel time and connectivity while promoting sustainable urban transport.

Pune Metro Extension

Part of Mumbai’s metro network, this project will span around 30.5 kilometers and include 27 stations. It is intended to ease congestion and integrate different transport modes. Construction began in 2016, with the first phase expected to be completed by 2023. The metro will significantly cut travel time between Thane and Cuffe Parade. It incorporates eco-friendly measures, including reduced land use, and aims to serve about 500,000 passengers daily, thereby enhancing urban connectivity.

Environmental and Economic Impact

These Metro projects will significantly increase the number of daily passengers, potentially reaching millions by 2045. They will enhance urban mobility, stimulate economic growth, and reduce reliance on private vehicles, contributing to a cleaner environment. The Pune and Thane Metro projects will be managed by Maha Metro. Funding will come from the Government of India, the Government of Maharashtra, and international agencies, highlighting a strong commitment to modernizing urban infrastructure.

(NNI / Latest news / Latest news india / India latest news/UPSC Preparation)

Central India Forests Face High Fire Risk, Study Warns

Latest News: 18th August 2024, UPSC Preparation

Forests in Khandwa and North Betul, located in Central India, are increasingly at risk of forest fires due to a combination of human activities and natural factors. This concern was highlighted in a study published on August 14, 2024.

Study Overview

The research was led by Vibha Sahu from the Indian Institute of Forest Management. By analyzing 22 years of satellite data from the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer), the study uncovered a troubling trend: the number of forest fires in Khandwa has been rising by an average of three fires per year, while North Betul has seen an increase of one fire per year.

Fire Risk Assessment

The study found that about 45% of Khandwa’s forests and 50% of North Betul’s forests are now in areas classified as having a high or very high risk of fire. In Khandwa, the most vulnerable areas are in the northern and southeastern regions. In North Betul, the high-risk zones are mainly in the northwestern and northeastern parts.

Factors Influencing Fire Risks

Several factors contribute to the increased fire risks in these forests. The type of vegetation, the shape of the land (topography), and human activities play significant roles. For example, areas near roads or forests with highly flammable trees, like the teak forests in Khandwa, are particularly prone to fires.

Predictive Modelling

The researchers used a method called the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to predict where future fires are most likely to occur. This approach categorizes different areas into five levels of fire risk, helping to focus fire prevention efforts where they are needed most. Local communities contribute to fire risks through certain practices. For example, people often burn undergrowth to harvest mahua flowers and tendu leaves, which unintentionally increases the likelihood of fires. This highlights the need for better education and awareness among these communities about safer ways to manage their resources.

Implications for Conservation

The findings of this study are crucial for conservation efforts. By identifying the most fire-prone areas, authorities can develop effective fire management strategies to protect these forests and the communities that depend on them. The study emphasizes the urgent need for targeted planning and resource allocation to reduce the threat of forest fires in Khandwa and North Betul. Lead researcher Vibha Sahu calls for immediate action to address this growing problem.

About Khandwa

Khandwa, located in Madhya Pradesh, is known for its rich cultural heritage. It is a home to historic sites like the Ujjain and Omkareshwar temples. The city also has historical significance due to its involvement in the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857. Khandwa is important for its agricultural production, especially of cotton and pulses, and is well-connected by the Indian Railways. Additionally, the sacred Narmada River flows nearby, adding to the region’s cultural significance.

About North Betul

North Betul, part of the Betul district in Madhya Pradesh, is known for its rich biodiversity and forests. The area is home to the Satpura Range, which offers scenic landscapes and a variety of wildlife. Betul is one of India’s top producers of soybeans and hosts an annual Jain festival that celebrates local culture. The region also features historical sites like the Bhimbetka rock shelters, and its tropical climate influences both agriculture and daily life in the area.

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Maharashtra Launches ₹1,500 Monthly Aid for Eligible Women

Latest News: 17th August 2024, UPSC Preparation

Maharashtra will launch the ‘Mukhyamantri Ladki Bahin’ scheme on August 17, announced by Deputy Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis. This scheme is designed to give financial help to more than one crore (10 million) eligible women in the state. The launch coincides with Raksha Bandhan, a festival celebrated on August 19.

What is the Scheme?

The Mukhyamantri Ladki Bahin scheme will provide ₹1,500 per month to eligible women aged 21 to 65 years who come from low-income families (those earning less than ₹2.5 lakh per year). The scheme is inspired by the successful ‘Ladli Behna Yojana’ from Madhya Pradesh.

How the Financial Help Works

Eligible women will first receive ₹3,000, covering the months of July and August. This amount was already given to some women during a trial run of the scheme to ensure that the assistance arrives on time. The scheme is expected to cost the government ₹46,000 crore every year. This amount has been included in the supplementary budget prepared by Deputy Chief Minister and Finance Minister Ajit Pawar.

Political Importance

The scheme is being launched ahead of the upcoming Assembly elections, and it seems to be designed to appeal to women voters. Chief Minister Eknath Shinde has assured the public of the government’s commitment to this scheme, even as the opposition has raised questions. Aditi Tatkare, the Women and Child Development Minister has begun meetings with officials to ensure the smooth registration of women for the scheme and to make sure the scheme is properly implemented.

Overall Impact

The Mukhyamantri Ladki Bahin scheme is both a social and political initiative aimed at helping women in Maharashtra by providing them with financial support. This is especially significant as the state prepares for elections.

More About the Mukhyamantri Ladki Bahin Scheme

The Mukhyamantri Ladki Bahin Scheme, which began in Madhya Pradesh, aims to empower girls by providing financial assistance for their education. It targets underprivileged families and gives ₹25,000 for each girl. The scheme also focuses on skill development and health check-ups, promoting gender equality and encouraging families to invest in their daughters’ futures.

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How has unity in creativity contributed to the evolution and preservation of India’s cultural and artistic heritage?

Latest News: 14th August 2024

Unity in creativity refers to the harmonious collaboration and cooperation of individuals or groups who come together to create something new and unique. In India, unity in creativity has been an integral part of the country’s cultural and artistic heritage for centuries.

One of the most prominent examples of unity in creativity in India is the country’s rich tradition of classical dance and music. Bharatanatyam, Kathak, and Kuchipudi are some of the classical dance forms that have evolved and thrived over the centuries through the collaborative efforts of dancers, musicians, and choreographers. In these classical dance forms, unity in creativity is achieved through the synchronisation of hand gestures, body movements, and facial expressions with the rhythm and melody of the accompanying music.

Another example of unity in creativity in India can be seen in the country’s film industry, commonly referred to as Bollywood. Bollywood movies are a fusion of drama, music, dance, and action, and bring together a team of actors, directors, writers, choreographers, and musicians to create an entertaining and engaging experience for the audience. The collaboration between these various artists and technicians is what makes Bollywood movies so unique and special.

India’s rich and diverse cultural heritage also provides a platform for unity in creativity in the form of folk arts and crafts.

In summary, unity in creativity is a fundamental aspect of India’s cultural and artistic heritage. From classical dance and music to film and folk arts, the country’s rich artistic legacy is a testament to the power of collaboration and cooperation in bringing people and communities together. Whether it’s in the form of a classical dance performance, a Bollywood movie, or a traditional folk art, unity in creativity continues to play a crucial role in shaping India’s cultural identity and preserving its artistic heritage for future generations.

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Union Cabinet Approves ₹24,657 Crore Railway Projects for Connectivity

Latest News: 12th August 2024, UPSC Preparation

On August 9, 2024, the Union Cabinet in India approved eight new railway projects, with a total investment of ₹24,657 crore. These projects aim to improve connectivity, make travel more efficient, and be environmentally friendly by reducing logistics costs and cutting down on carbon emissions.

Project Overview

The new projects will add 900 kilometers to the railway network, covering 14 districts in Odisha, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, Bihar, Telangana, and West Bengal. The projects are expected to be finished by 2030-31.

Key Railway Line Routes

The Railway routes include:

• Gunupur – Therbubali: 73.62 km

• Junagarh – Nabrangpur: 116.21 km

• Badampahar – Kandujhargarh: 82.06 km

• Bangriposi – Gorumahisani: 85.60 km

• Malkangiri – Pandurangapuram: 173.61 km

• Buramara – Chakulia: 59.96 km

• Jalna – Jalgaon: 174 km

• Bikramshila – Katareah: 26.23 km

Logistical Efficiency and Economic Growth

These new routes will connect areas that were previously not linked by rail, improving the efficiency of transportation. This will help create a smoother supply chain and boost economic growth. The construction phase of these projects is expected to generate around three crore man-days of direct employment, which will benefit local economies. The projects will help reduce oil imports by 32.20 crore liters and cut CO2 emissions by 0.87 million tonnes. This is roughly equivalent to planting 3.5 crore trees. The expansion supports the PM-Gati Shakti National Master Plan, which focuses on integrated planning for better multi-modal connectivity.

About PM-Gati Shakti National Master Plan

The PM-Gati Shakti National Master Plan started in October 2021 to improve how infrastructure is planned and built in India. It brings together 16 ministries and focuses on connecting different types of transport. The plan has a huge budget of 100 lakh crore and aims for sustainable development. It uses Geographic Information System (GIS) technology for smooth coordination. By making logistics better, it helps the economy grow and cuts time and costs. Gati Shakti also works with the National Infrastructure Pipeline and aims to support local industries by improving supply chains.

Interesting Railway Facts

• Highest Railway: The Qinghai-Tibet Railway in China is the highest railway in the world, reaching 5,072 meters above sea level.

• Konkan Railway: India’s Konkan Railway project includes over 147 tunnels.

• Longest Iron Ore Railway: Brazil’s Estrada de Ferro Carajás is one of the longest iron ore railways, stretching 892 kilometers.

• First Railway Project: The first recorded railway project began in England in 1604 using wooden wagons.

• Fast Trains: Japan’s Shinkansen trains can reach speeds of up to 300 km/h.

• Channel Tunnel: The Channel Tunnel, which connects the UK to France, took seven years to build.

• Longest Railway Line: The Trans-Siberian Railway is the longest railway line in the world, covering about 9,289 kilometers.

• Longest Railway Tunnel: The Gotthard Base Tunnel in Switzerland is the world’s longest railway tunnel, measuring 57 km.

• Mumbai Local Trains: The local train system in Mumbai carries over 7.5 million passengers daily.

• First Steam Locomotive: The first steam locomotive, built by George Stephenson in 1814, was a key development in modern railways.

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What is e-Sankhyiki Portal?

Latest News: 8th August 2024, UPSC Preparation

On June 29, the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) launched the e-Sankhyiki portal. This new portal is a big step forward for how India manages and shares data. It makes it easier to access and analyze important information.

Key Features

• Comprehensive Data Listing: Users can easily search for and download important data from the Ministry.

• Time Series Data: Provides access to important economic indicators over time, making it easier to analyze trends.

• Data Filtering and Visualization: Improved tools for filtering data and creating visual representations to better understand the information.

• Metadata Access: Detailed information that comes with the data sets to help with deeper analysis.

Data Safety Protocols

The portal has several features to keep data safe:

• Cloud Storage: Data is securely stored on the National Informatics Centre (NIC) cloud.

• Security Audits: Regular checks are conducted to ensure data integrity.

• SSL Implementation: Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) is used for secure connections.

• Vulnerability Assessments: Continuous evaluations are done to find and fix potential security issues.

Cybersecurity Support

CERT-In, part of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), supports the portal by:

• Advisories and Guidelines: Providing security guidelines to enhance data protection.

• Training and Sensitization: Conducting workshops and training sessions to raise cybersecurity awareness.

• Cyber Threat Exchange: Offering platforms to share threat information among stakeholders.

• Cyber Crisis Management: Developing plans for managing cyber crises and getting support from the National Cyber Coordination Centre (NCCC).

About e-Sankhyiki portal

The e-Sankhyiki portal, launched by the Indian government, aims to make the process of collecting and using statistical data more efficient and digital. It provides real-time access to data, helping with better planning and decision-making. The portal focuses on various sectors like agriculture, health, and education. It improves transparency and makes data more accessible to the public. Users can submit data online, reducing paperwork and increasing efficiency. The portal also supports strong data analysis, helping create evidence-based policies. Additionally, it encourages collaboration among government agencies, improving overall statistical management.

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Maharashtra Approves Prisons and Correctional Services Bill

Latest News: 7th August 2024, UPSC Preparation

On July 12, 2024, the Maharashtra State government introduced the Maharashtra Prisons and Correctional Services Bill during the Legislative Assembly’s monsoon session. Although the Bill was not passed, it has been approved by the State Cabinet to be enacted as an Ordinance. This means it will become law temporarily while waiting for approval from the Central government and the President.

Legislative Framework

Prison governance is managed by the state according to the Constitution’s Seventh Schedule. Currently, Maharashtra’s prisons operate under the old Prisons Act of 1894. There is a need for reform due to significant overcrowding, with over 40,428 prisoners in facilities meant for only 27,110.

Current Issues in Prisons

Maharashtra’s prisons are among the top five states in terms of prisoner population and undertrials. The existing rules, from 1962 to 1979, are outdated and hard to access, causing concerns about deaths in custody and poor prison conditions.

Overview of the New Bill

The new Bill takes ideas from the Union’s Model Prisons and Correctional Services Act, 2023, to modernize prison operations. It includes better staffing, technology upgrades, and mental health initiatives.

Notable Provisions

• Convict Overseer: A prisoner chosen to supervise others, given certain privileges, but this role has faced criticism.

• Public Servant Status: All convict overseers are defined as public servants, which raises questions about their relevance today.

• Prisons and Correctional Services Force: A new body with the power to make arrests and use weapons, though its practical use is unclear.

• Welfare Funds: The Bill proposes funds for both prison staff and prisoners, unlike the Model Bill which focuses on prisoner welfare alone. This could face challenges in implementation.

Potential for Reform

Despite some shortcomings, the Bill addresses important areas like provisions for transgender prisoners and creating an Undertrial Review Committee. With further input and amendments, it offers a crucial chance to improve Maharashtra’s prison system and move towards a rehabilitative justice model.

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Cities Set to Launch Rs 5,000 Crore AMRUT 2.0 Projects

Latest News: 6th August 2024, UPSC Preparation

The Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) 2.0 is an important project started in 2021 by the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) government. Its goal is to improve city infrastructure in India with a big investment.

Funding and Scope

AMRUT 2.0 has been given ₹66,750 crore by the central government to use from 2021 to 2026. The main aim is to provide tap water to all homes in about 4,800 towns across the country, with a total cost of ₹2.99 lakh crore.

Project Progress

So far, the tendering processes are finished, and the selected contractors are ready to start the projects. Out of 8,205 planned projects, 4,065 have been awarded. These projects will improve water supply, sewage treatment, and the overall management of city environments. Around 50% of these projects focus on water supply and sewage management. The rest aim to rejuvenate water bodies and develop parks. The plan includes building sewage treatment plants (STPs) and water treatment plants to help local households.

Completion Timeline

As part of the government’s 100-day agenda, many big projects are expected to be up and running soon, focusing on immediate improvements in city infrastructure before the upcoming Lok Sabha elections. Plans include approving long-pending proposals, such as a detailed Delhi Master Plan 2041, and creating new greenfield cities. These are important for sustainable urban development and managing resources effectively.

About Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT 2.0)

• Basic Services: AMRUT 2.0, launched in 2021, aims to improve essential services like water supply and sewage management in cities.

• Green and Smart Cities: The mission focuses on creating green spaces and implementing smart city projects, promoting a cleaner and more efficient urban environment.

• Citizen Participation: It encourages people to take part in planning their cities, aiming to improve the quality of life and sustainability in 500 cities with a budget of ₹2.77 lakh crore.

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States can sub-classify SCs for quotas: top court

Latest News: 5th August 2024, UPSC Preparation

Syllabus: Indian Constitution, reservation

Mains: Sub-classification of SCs

Context​: A seven-judge Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court, led by Chief Justice of India D.Y. Chandrachud, recently upheld the states’ right to sub-classify Scheduled Castes (SCs) within the Presidential List. The judgment, delivered by a 6:1 majority, emphasizes the constitutional need for such sub-categorization to achieve substantive equality. This landmark decision is grounded in the principles of social justice and aims to address intra-class disparities among SCs.

Background of the Judgment

• Indra Sawhney Case Reference: The Supreme Court referred to the Indra Sawhney case, which allowed the classification of backward classes into “backward” and “more backward” categories. Chief Justice Chandrachud noted that this principle applies to SCs as well.

• Sub-Classification for Substantive Equality: The judgment underscores that sub-categorization within SCs is a constitutional requirement when the social positions of various constituents are not comparable.

Key Aspects of the Judgment

• State’s Right to Sub-Classify: States can sub-classify SCs to provide more preferential treatment in public employment and education.

• Exclusion of Creamy Layer: Four judges on the Bench suggested extending the creamy layer principle to SCs and STs, arguing that affluent individuals should be excluded from reservation benefits to ensure these benefits reach the truly underprivileged.

Issues

Potential for Political Manipulation

• Apprehensions of Tinkering: Concerns about potential political tinkering to expand vote banks were acknowledged but deemed insufficient to negate the constitutional need for sub-classification.

• Judicial Vigilance: Continuous judicial oversight is necessary to prevent misuse of sub-classification for political gains.

Identification of Creamy Layer

• Criteria Development: The judgment calls for developing specific criteria to identify the creamy layer among SCs and STs, different from those applied to OBCs.

• Policy Formulation: The state must formulate policies to exclude the affluent within SCs and STs from reservation benefits.

Reasons and Causes

Intra-Class Disparities

• Unequal Social Positions: The judgment is based on the recognition that not all members of SCs share the same level of social and economic disadvantage.

• Historical Neglect: Certain sub-groups within SCs have historically faced greater neglect and discrimination, necessitating targeted affirmative action.

Constitutional Mandate

• Articles 15(4) and 16(5): These articles of the Constitution empower the state to make special provisions for the advancement of socially and educationally backward classes, including sub-classification for achieving substantive equality.

Significance

Ensuring Substantive Equality

• Targeted Benefits: Sub-classification ensures that the benefits of reservation reach the most disadvantaged groups within SCs.

• Real Equality: The exclusion of the creamy layer helps in achieving real equality by preventing affluent members from monopolizing reservation benefits.

Policy and Social Implications

• Affirmative Action Reforms: This judgment could lead to significant reforms in affirmative action policies, ensuring a more equitable distribution of benefits.

• Social Justice: It reinforces the commitment to social justice and the upliftment of the most marginalized sections of society.

Government Initiatives

State-Level Policies

• Reservation Acts: States like Tamil Nadu and Punjab have enacted laws to sub-classify SCs for reservations in education and employment.

• Policy Formulation: States are now encouraged to develop policies to identify and exclude the creamy layer among SCs and STs.

National Framework

• Central Guidelines: The central government may provide guidelines to states for implementing sub-classification and identifying the creamy layer.

• Monitoring Mechanisms: Establishing robust monitoring mechanisms to ensure compliance with sub-classification policies and prevent misuse.

Solutions

Developing Criteria for Creamy Layer

• Inclusive Criteria: Formulate criteria that consider social, economic, and educational parameters to identify the creamy layer among SCs and STs.

• Periodic Review: Regularly review and update the criteria to reflect changing socio-economic conditions.

Strengthening Policy Implementation

• Capacity Building: Enhance the capacity of state institutions to effectively implement sub-classification policies.

• Awareness Campaigns: Conduct awareness campaigns to educate stakeholders about the benefits and rationale behind sub-classification.

Judicial Oversight

• Constitutional Safeguards: Ensure that sub-classification policies are in line with constitutional safeguards and principles of social justice.

• Redressal Mechanisms: Establish mechanisms for addressing grievances related to sub-classification and reservation benefits.

Nut Graf: The Supreme Court’s judgment on sub-classifying SCs for quotas marks a significant step towards achieving substantive equality and social justice. By acknowledging intra-class disparities and advocating for the exclusion of the creamy layer, the judgment aims to ensure that affirmative action benefits reach the most disadvantaged sections of SCs.

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Madras High Court Declares Section 77-A Unconstitutional

Latest News: 4th August 2024, UPSC Preparation

The Madras High Court has recently ruled that Section 77-A of the Registration Act, 1908, is unconstitutional. This section, added through a 2022 State amendment, gave District Registrars too much power to cancel property documents if there were accusations of fraud or forgery.

Key Findings of the Court

Justices S.S. Sundar and N. Senthilkumar raised concerns about this. They noted that while the section could help protect honest landowners, it also had the potential to cause serious problems for property owners who were actually in the right.

Legal Implications

The judges pointed out that the existing Sections 22-A and 22-B already allow officials to refuse to register documents under certain conditions. Disputes over property titles are usually handled by civil courts, which follow a structured legal process.

Judicial vs. Executive Authority

The court also mentioned that District Registrars are not qualified as judges. This means there could be a risk of bias because they work within the government. This raises concerns about fairness in handling property disputes.

Purpose of the Registration Act

The main goal of the Registration Act is to keep accurate public records of property. The court stressed that just registering a document doesn’t settle property title issues, which are often complex and need a detailed legal review. Although Section 77-A gave District Registrars the power to cancel registrations, these cancellations are not final. People who disagree with these decisions can challenge them in civil courts, which limits the effectiveness of this provision.

About Section 77-A

Section 77-A of the Indian Income Tax Act, introduced in 2015, allows taxpayers to correct errors in their tax returns within a year of filing without facing penalties. This provision is meant to address honest mistakes rather than deliberate tax evasion, aiming to build trust and reduce disputes. However, it has limitations based on the type of error and when the correction is made.

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Cyber Crime Prevention Against Women and Children (CCPWC) Initiative

Latest News: 2nd August 2024, UPSC Preparation

Safe City Projects are organized efforts by local police and city authorities to make cities safer, especially for women, and to fix problems with infrastructure. These projects are part of national plans to prevent cyber crimes against women and children, supported by the Nirbhaya Fund.

What is CCPWC?

The CCPWC initiative, under the Nirbhaya Fund, focuses on tackling cyber crimes. A key part of this initiative is the National Cybercrime Reporting Portal (NCRP), where people can report various cyber crimes, especially those targeting women and children.

NCRP and Reporting Mechanisms

The NCRP has been visited over 16.18 crore times and has reported 1.94 lakh incidents of child pornography and related crimes. Additionally, a partnership between India and the USA improves cooperation in addressing online child exploitation. To help investigate cyber crimes, Cyber Forensic cum Training Labs have been set up in 33 States and Union Territories, with a financial investment of more than Rs. 131.60 crore. These labs help handle and analyze cyber crime data effectively.

Emergency Response Support Systems

The Emergency Response Support System (ERSS) is available in all States and Union Territories, managing over 36.29 crore calls. It works with the Women Helpline (181) to provide better support for women in distress.

Safe City Projects Implementation

The Safe City Projects aim to use advanced technologies for smarter policing in eight cities: Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Lucknow, and Mumbai. These projects focus on addressing safety concerns raised by women and improving public safety infrastructure.

About National Cybercrime Reporting Portal (NCRP)

• Launch and Purpose: The National Cybercrime Reporting Portal (NCRP) was launched in 2020 in India to make reporting cybercrimes such as hacking, identity theft, and financial fraud easier.

• Features: The NCRP is available 24/7, offers anonymity for reporters, and includes online resources to raise awareness about cyber safety. It also helps law enforcement track cybercrime trends.

• Broader Initiative: The portal is part of India’s Digital India campaign, aiming to boost public involvement in fighting cybercrime.

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DAE Launches ‘One DAE One Subscription’ Initiative in Mumbai

Latest News: 1st August 2024, UPSC Preparation

The first ceremony for the ‘One DAE One Subscription’ (ODOS) program took place at Tata Memorial Hospital in Mumbai. This initiative aims to improve access to scientific research for the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) and its around 60 units.

Overview of ODOS

ODOS is created to make it easier for DAE members to access both national and international research papers and journals online. This will help promote growth in scientific knowledge and encourage collaboration among the DAE community.

Collaboration with Publishers

DAE has set up special agreements with two major publishers: Wiley India Private Limited and Springer Nature Group. These new agreements significantly increase the number of journals available to DAE compared to previous ones.

Details of Agreements

• Wiley Agreement: This agreement gives DAE access to 1,353 journals, including those published from 1997 onwards. This is a big upgrade from the previous access, which was limited to just 166 journals for 12 units.

• Springer Agreement: This agreement allows access to 2,686 titles, including 553 journals that are fully open access. Before this, DAE only had access to 1,752 journals for 14 units.

Perpetual Rights and Open Access Publishing

Both agreements offer permanent access to all these journals in 2024 and support publishing in open-access formats. This means DAE researchers can have their research published openly without having to pay extra fees called Article Processing Charges (APC). ODOS is part of a larger plan called One Nation One Subscription (ONOS), which aims to improve access to knowledge across the whole country. The Secretary of DAE mentioned that this program will benefit thousands of researchers and students, contributing to India’s overall development.

About One DAE One Subscription (ODOS)

Additionally, the term One DAE One Subscription (ODOS) is also used in the tourism sector. It refers to a subscription model that allows customers to access a variety of travel experiences under one plan. This model, introduced in recent years, focuses on offering value, flexibility, and convenience. It supports sustainability by encouraging local tourism and usually provides exclusive deals, discounts, and curated travel itineraries. This model often uses digital platforms to make booking easier and caters to both adventure seekers and business travelers, enhancing the overall travel experience.

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What is LTCG Tax?

Latest News: 31st July 2024, UPSC Preparation

The long-term capital gains (LTCG) tax system underwent substantial modifications in the Union Budget for 2024–2025; most notably, the indexation advantage was eliminated. Taxpayers were confused and concerned about this choice, but the government clarified it and insisted that the adjustments would be beneficial in the majority of cases.

What is Indexation?

The process of indexation involves modifying an asset’s acquisition price to reflect inflation during the asset’s holding period. It is possible to compute capital gains or losses upon sale more precisely by updating the acquisition cost. Because it accounts for the depreciation of money’s purchasing power owing to inflation, the adjusted figure—also referred to as the indexed cost of acquisition—reflects a more realistic number.

Impact of Withdrawal of Indexation Benefit

Because the indexation benefit is no longer available, earnings from asset sales may seem inflated without taking inflation into account. If tax rates stay the same, this could mean that taxpayers owe more in taxes. Those who have owned assets for a long time may be most impacted by this.

Changes in the LTCG Regime

The LTCG tax rate is being lowered from 20% to 12.5% under the recently announced new regime, which also does away with indexation for determining gains on assets like gold and real estate. The fair market value as of April 1, 2001, will be applied as the acquisition cost for assets acquired prior to that date; this exception is meant to reduce the tax burden on inherited properties.

Government’s Justification

The government claims that by eliminating distinct tax rates for different asset classes, this streamlining of the capital gains tax system benefits the majority of taxpayers. They contend that real estate nominal gains frequently outpace inflation, indicating possible tax benefits under the new system.

Criticism and Grandfathering Issues

Opponents draw attention to the absence of grandfathering clauses, which would have permitted older transactions to continue to be subject to older tax laws through July 2024. Long-term investors are concerned about this move because, in the absence of transitional relief measures, their tax bills may rise. According to the government, the lower tax rate makes up for the lack of grandfathering benefits.

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Kerala transwoman breaks barriers to make mark in Kathakali

Latest News: 30th July 2024

Kathakali was never alien to Ranjumol Mohan. Growing up, she had seen her uncles and cousins, trained in temple percussion instruments like thimila and chenda, perform at local temple festivals. Her first brush with art happened in class 5 when she was picked by a school teacher, who saw glimpses of rhythm and music in her, for a sub-district competition in Ottanthullal, a local dance-cum-recitation art form steeped in humour and satire. She won the first prize there too.

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Khap panchayat leaders seek ban on same-sex marriage, live-in relations

Latest News: 29th July 2024

Leaders of around 300 khap panchayats on Sunday held a 'mahapanchayat' in Haryana's Jind and threatened to stage a massive protest if their demand to impose a ban on live-in relationships and same-sex marriages were not accepted.

Members from khap Panchayats from Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Madhya Pradesh took part in the meeting.

Chief of Benain Khap, Raghubir Nain, said, "Live-in relationships should be banned. Same-sex marriages should be banned as even the animals avoid this".

"We also discussed about love marriage. The khaps are not against the love marriage, but the parents' consent is a must because no parent wants to harm his or her children," he said, adding that the Khaps were against "marriage within the same gotra (clan)".

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India’s 500th Community Radio Station in Aizawl

Latest News: 28th July 2024, UPSC Preparation

Ashwini Vaishnaw, the Union Minister of Information and Broadcasting, recently launched India’s 500th community radio station, ‘Apna Radio 90.0 FM’, in Aizawl. At the same time, he announced the winners of the 10th National Community Radio Awards. This event shows that the government is serious about using media to get more people involved in their communities.

Significance of Community Radio

Community radio gives people in the area a chance to be heard and allows people at the local level to communicate. It encourages participation in politics, artistic expression, and social change, which makes it an important part of the media landscape. The launch of Apna Radio is in line with the government’s Act East strategy, which aims to improve community welfare and connectivity, especially in India’s North East. It shows a dedication to making local problems and stories heard.

Awards Overview

The National Community Radio Awards recognize outstanding contributions by stations across various categories, highlighting innovation, cultural promotion, and sustainability.

Award Categories

1. Thematic Award: Celebrating specific impactful themes.

2. Most Innovative Community Engagement Award: Creativity in audience participation.

3. Promoting Local Culture Award: Highlighting local traditions and culture.

4. Sustainability Model Award: Encouraging sustainable practices in radio operation.

Award Winners

Thematic Award:

• 1st: Radio Mayur, Bihar (Tech Sakhi)

• 2nd: Radio Kochi, Kerala (Nirangal)

• 3rd: Hello Doon, Uttarakhand (Meri Baat)

Most Innovative Community Engagement Award

• 1st: Yerlawani Sangli, Maharashtra (Kahani Sunandachi)

• 2nd: Vaylaga Vanoli, Tamil Nadu (Let’s Build a New Norm)

• 3rd: Salaam Namaste, Uttar Pradesh (Maid Didi)

Promoting Local Culture Award:

• 1st: Radio Brahmaputra, Assam (Igarekun)

• 2nd: Radio Kotagiri, Tamil Nadu (En Makkaludan Oru Payanam)

• 3rd: Radio Active, Bihar (Ang Pradesh ki Adbut Dharohar)

Sustainability Model Award

• 1st: Radio Benziger, Kerala

• 2nd: Radio Namaskar, Odisha

• 3rd: Radio Antarwani, Karnataka

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Vriksharopan Abhiyan 2024

Latest News: 27th July 2024, UPSC Preparation

Union Minister Shri G. Kishan Reddy led the launch of the Vriksharopan Abhiyan 2024 at Bharat Coking Coal Limited (BCCL) in Dhanbad on July 25, 2024. This project is part of Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s “Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam” program and took place in 300 places in 47 districts across 11 coal- and lignite-rich states.

Key Participants

At the launch event, important people like Shri Dulu Mahato, MP for Dhanbad and Secretary of the Ministry of Coal, Shri Amrit Lal Meena, Chairman of Coal India Limited, and other top officials were present.

Planting Initiatives

About a million saplings were planted by different Coal and Lignite Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) on the day of the start alone. About 24 million saplings have been planted by these PSUs on 10,942 hectares of land in coalfield areas over the last five years. The PSUs have big goals. In the next five years, aims to cover over 15,350 hectares with plants. Two thousand six hundred hectares have been set as the goal for this fiscal year.

Reforestation Techniques

To improve their reforestation efforts, the initiative employs:

• Miyawaki method for dense planting

• Seed balls for easier sowing

• Drone technology to improve planting efficiency and manage resources

About Vriksharopan Abhiyan 2024

The Indian government’s Vriksharopan Abhiyan 2024 program aims to plant more trees. It was made to fight climate change and air pollution. A lot of trees will be planted all over India as part of the program. To increase variety, it focuses on local species. The project includes the neighborhood, schools, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). It makes people more aware of how important trees are for the environment. It also wants to make cities look better and create green jobs. The program wants to get young people involved in taking care of the environment and promote a mindset of sustainability.

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National Maritime Domain Awareness Centre

Latest News: 26th July 2024

India is going to open a National Maritime Domain Awareness Center (NMDAC) to fight new dangers in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). The NMDAC will focus on terrorism, piracy, trafficking, and illegal fishing. There are already advanced talks going on, and the final deal should be signed early next year.

Objective of NMDAC

The NMDAC’s job is to quickly gather and analyze information in order to come up with useful solutions to maritime security problems, all while keeping an eye on China’s growing military presence in the area.

Collaborative Framework

The plan will bring together 15 departments from seven ministries, such as those that handle oil, defense, fishing, and shipping. This multi-agency method is meant to make it easier for maritime security efforts to work together. Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) has been asked to provide the NMDAC with the tools and software it needs to run, which will ensure that it has a high-tech infrastructure.

Historical Context

The 2008 terrorist strikes in Mumbai made people more aware of how vulnerable people are at sea, which led to calls for stronger maritime security. This is what led to the creation of the Information Management and Analysis Centre (IMAC) in 2014 and the Information Fusion Centre-Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR) in 2018. Both of these centers are meant to improve maritime domain knowledge.

About Indian Ocean Region

20% of the water on Earth’s surface is in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). The ocean is surrounded by 38 countries and is the third biggest in the world. There are about 2,000 islands in the IOR. Madagascar is the biggest. The ocean has a big impact on weather and trade lines because it holds important shipping lanes. The Monte Carlo Agreement wants everyone in the region to work together to keep everyone safe. Coral reefs and deep-sea trenches are two of the IOR’s unique habitats. It also supports a lot of different species, such as the rare dugong and many types of whales.

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Mattel launches first-ever blind Barbie in Braille packaging

Latest News: 25th July 2024

Mattel has launched its first-ever blind Barbie doll as it aims to increase the representation of visually-impaired and low-vision children in society.

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U-WIN Portal

Latest News: 24th July 2024, UPSC Preparation

The Indian government has made a 100-day health plan that includes U-WIN, an online platform for managing vaccines that aims to increase the number of children in the country who get vaccinated. U-WIN is about to go live across the whole country, building on the successful digital infrastructure that was set up during the Covid-19 vaccination program by CoWIN.

What is U-WIN?

U-WIN is a website that helps people keep track of immunization records for kids younger than six and women who are pregnant. Users sign up with a government ID (like Aadhaar) and a cellphone number, which lets the system keep track of their vaccination records.

How Does U-WIN Work?

When a kid signs up for U-WIN, all of their required vaccinations can be added, which creates a color-coded vaccination certificate. Users are reminded of future vaccines by text message, and the platform makes it easy to find vaccination centers and make appointments. It gets rid of the need for actual vaccination books, making them easy to get all over the country.

Integration with Existing Systems

U-WIN will be linked to eVIN, a system that keeps track of vaccine stock and temperatures all along the cold chain. Using digital frameworks that health workers already know how to use, this integration aims to make sure that vaccine stocks are managed efficiently and that waste is kept to a minimum.

Benefits of U-WIN for Immunisation

U-WIN is expected to offer several advantages:

• Improved Compliance: SMS reminders are likely to improve adherence to vaccination schedules.

• Portability: It allows vaccinations to be recorded across different geographical locations, accommodating mobile populations.

• Error Reduction: The platform provides safeguards against incorrect dose administration.

• Granular Data: Individual vaccination records will help identify gaps in coverage, tackling the issue of “zero dose” children more effectively.

• Centralised Database: A comprehensive data repository could support informed policy-making, improving immunization strategies over time. U-WIN represents a significant step toward modernizing childhood immunization processes in India, promising to enhance healthcare delivery and governance.

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Progress made, but skills gap, agri big hurdles on road to 2047: Economic Survey

Latest News: 23rd July 2024

The Economic Survey has struck a realistic note while listing the challenges involved in India becoming a developed country by 2047, a stated objective of the current government, even as it acknowledges the progress made over the past decade.

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The promise of parametric insurance

Latest News: 21st July 2024

UPSC preparation, UPSC, UPSC strategy

Parametric insurance offers a promising solution to the increasing frequency and severity of natural disasters. By providing quick and reliable payouts based on predefined triggers, it addresses the limitations of traditional indemnity-based insurance. For effective implementation, precise data, collaborative efforts, and innovative policy frameworks are essential.

The year 2023 was recorded as the warmest year, with natural disasters causing losses amounting to $280 billion globally. However, only $100 billion of these losses were insured, highlighting a significant gap in insurance coverage, especially between developed and developing economies. As extreme weather events become more frequent, the insurance industry must explore alternative coverage methods to enhance disaster resilience.

Current Insurance Methods:

• Indemnity-Based Insurance: The widely used method involves physical assessment of damage for payouts. This method becomes problematic during large-scale disasters affecting economically disadvantaged communities with little asset documentation.

Need for Parametric Insurance:

• Real-Time Measurements: Payments are triggered by specific weather parameters (e.g., rain levels, wind speed) without the need for physical loss verification.

• Examples: Disaster-prone island countries have adopted parametric insurance, leading to better trust between states and insurers, reasonable pricing, and efficient trigger-payout combinations.

Global and Indian Context:

• Global Use: Standardised parametric products for low-frequency, high-impact disasters (e.g., earthquakes, cyclones) are common. For instance, Morocco received $275 million in parametric insurance coverage after a 6.8 magnitude earthquake in 2023.

• India’s Adoption: The Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana for crop insurance and the Restructured Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme are notable examples. States like Nagaland and organizations like the Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation in Kerala have also implemented parametric insurance.

Issues

• Premium Payment Burden: Determining who should bear the premium costs—governments, corporations, or individuals—remains a challenge.

• Data Accuracy: Precise thresholds and reliable data are crucial for effective parametric insurance.

• Awareness and Trust: Building awareness and trust among stakeholders is essential for the widespread adoption of parametric insurance.

Significance

• Disaster Resilience: Enhances the ability to recover quickly from natural disasters.

• Economic Stability: Reduces financial burden on governments and individuals post-disaster.

• Climate Adaptation: Facilitates climate adaptation strategies by providing financial protection against extreme weather events.

Solutions

• Government Initiatives: States can tender parametric insurance products with clear terms to ensure competitive pricing and maximum payouts.

• Data Utilization: Leveraging credible data from institutions like the India Meteorological Department for accurate monitoring and thresholds.

• Collaboration: Encouraging collaboration between governments, private insurers, and multilateral institutions for risk pooling and better bargaining power.

• Awareness Campaigns: Conducting awareness campaigns to educate stakeholders about the benefits and functioning of parametric insurance.

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Vasco da Gama’s toxic legacy is now a ‘pandemic’ that kills 8 million globally

Latest News: 20th July 2024

UPSC preparation, UPSC, UPSC strategy

Tobacco consumption, introduced globally by explorers like Vasco da Gama, has evolved into a pandemic, causing millions of deaths and extensive health issues worldwide. The historical, economic, and ethical dimensions of tobacco use necessitate urgent and coordinated action to mitigate its impact.

The voyage of Vasco da Gama on July 8, 1497, marked a significant moment in global history, reshaping maritime routes and trade. Among the many exchanges catalyzed by this era of exploration was the introduction and dissemination of tobacco, a commodity that has had profound and multifaceted effects on societies worldwide. Today, tobacco consumption is a global health crisis, causing numerous diseases and deaths annually.

Historical Context

• Introduction of Tobacco: Vasco da Gama’s voyage facilitated the introduction of tobacco to Europe, which was later brought to South Asia by European traders and colonizers, particularly the Portuguese, Dutch, and British.

• Cultural Integration: Tobacco quickly embedded itself into the cultural and social fabric of South Asian societies, despite being alien to Indian ethos and culture.

Health Impact

• Addiction: Nicotine, a highly addictive substance in tobacco, leads to severe addiction among users.

• Diseases: Tobacco consumption contributes to a range of health issues, including:

• Cancers: Lung, mouth, throat, esophagus, pancreas, and bladder cancers.

• Respiratory Diseases: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), emphysema, chronic bronchitis.

• Cardiovascular Problems: Heart disease, stroke, hypertension.

• Other Conditions: Diabetes, infertility, weakened immune system, and complications in pregnancy.

Issues

Economic Impact

• Employment: Tobacco cultivation is economically significant, employing over 45 million people in India.

• Revenue: Tobacco accounts for 2% of India’s agri-exports and generates significant revenue through taxation and exports exceeding ₹22,000 crore annually.

• Economic Cost: The total economic cost of smoking in India, including health expenditure and productivity losses, amounts to ₹1.82 trillion annually.

Ethical Dilemmas

• Conflict of Priorities: A significant policy and ethical dilemma exists between the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), which advocates for tobacco elimination, and the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), which focuses on enhancing tobacco productivity.

• Health vs. Economy: The health impacts of tobacco use clash with its economic benefits, creating a complex issue for policymakers.

Significance

• Public Health Crisis: Tobacco use is responsible for over 1.2 million deaths in India each year and is a major contributor to the country’s cancer burden.

• Historical Legacy: The introduction of tobacco by European colonizers has left a lasting legacy of addiction and disease, highlighting the darker aspects of colonial history.

Solutions

Legal Framework

• Constitutional Rights: Article 21 of the Indian Constitution guarantees the right to life and health.

• Directive Principles: Articles 39(e), 39(f), 41, 42, and 47 of the Directive Principles of State Policy mandate the state to improve public health and raise living standards.

Scientific Innovations

• CRISPR Technology: Gene editing techniques, such as CRISPR, offer potential solutions by developing genetically modified tobacco plants with reduced nicotine content.

• Research Collaboration: A collaborative effort between ICMR and ICAR is essential to develop tobacco crops that reduce health risks while maintaining economic viability.

Advertising Regulations

• Surrogate Advertising: Stricter enforcement of advertising bans and regulations to curb surrogate advertising practices by the tobacco industry is crucial to reducing tobacco consumption.

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Man to get Rs 1 lakh after company pulled up for selling 'spiked' protein powder

Latest News: 19th July 2024

A consumer forum in Mumbai ordered a company to pay a compensation of Rs 1.1 lakh to a fitness enthusiast after he found out that the product he purchased from the firm had sugar, contrary to what was advertised for the product.

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Bengaluru mall that denied entry to farmer in dhoti to be temporarily closed

Latest News: 18th July 2024

The incident occurred on Tuesday evening when an elderly farmer and his son were stopped at the entrance of the mall despite having tickets for a film.

NEET-UG 2024 case highlights | SC adjourns hearing of pleas alleging ‘paper leak’ to July 18

Latest News: 17th July 2024

The Centre has claimed that there is no indication of any “mass malpractice” referring to a data analytics report by IIT Madras

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Legal Metrology (Packaged Commodities) Rules, 2011 – Recent Updates

Latest News: 16th July 2024

The Consumer Affairs Ministry wants to change the Legal Metrology (Packaged Commodities) Rules, 2011. The goal of the change is to require that important information about pre-packaged goods sold in stores that are bigger than 25 kilograms or 25 liters be made public. The goal of this move is to get rid of the current exemption for bulk packages and give customers more information.

Muslim board to explore ways to overturn Supreme Court’s alimony verdict

Latest news 15th July 2024

The board asserted that it doesn’t augur well “with human reasoning that the man is held responsible to maintain his ex-wives when the marriage itself is non-existent”.

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Centralised hiring leads to cultural barriers in Eklavya schools

Latest news 14th July 2024

UPSC preparation

The centralisation of hiring for EMRS, although intended to streamline recruitment and address teacher shortages, has inadvertently created cultural barriers that hinder the educational experience of tribal students. A balanced approach that combines the benefits of centralisation with the necessity of local cultural sensitivity is crucial for the success of these schools.

The Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS), designed to provide quality education to tribal students, have recently undergone a significant change in their hiring process. The centralisation of recruitment and the mandatory requirement of Hindi competency have sparked concerns regarding cultural barriers between teachers and students.

Background

• Previous Hiring Practices: Until 2022, the recruitment for EMRS was managed by state authorities, allowing for local hiring practices that matched state-specific requirements and reservation quotas.

• Centralisation: In 2023, the responsibility for hiring was transferred to the National Education Society for Tribal Students (NESTS), aiming to fill 38,000 positions across 400 schools with a standardised recruitment process.

Issues

• Cultural and Language Barriers: Teachers recruited from Hindi-speaking states are unfamiliar with the local languages, foods, and cultures of southern states, leading to discomfort and inefficacy in teaching.

• Teacher Shortage: The centralisation aimed to address the severe shortage of teachers in the EMRS system but has instead led to an influx of transfer requests from teachers unwilling to adapt to unfamiliar cultural settings.

• Impact on Students: Tribal students, who benefit from teachers familiar with their cultural context, may face difficulties in relating to and learning from teachers who do not understand their local languages and traditions.

Significance

• Standardisation vs. Localisation: While centralisation aims to standardise recruitment and fill vacancies efficiently, it undermines the importance of local cultural contexts essential for effective teaching and learning.

• Policy Implications: The shift highlights the broader debate on the balance between centralised policies and local needs, particularly in education systems catering to culturally diverse populations.

Solutions

• Flexible Hiring Policies: Implement flexible hiring policies that allow for local recruitment to ensure teachers are familiar with the cultural and linguistic contexts of the regions they serve.

• Cultural Training Programs: Develop and mandate comprehensive cultural training programs for teachers recruited from outside the local regions to bridge the cultural gap and enhance their effectiveness.

• Localized Recruitment Quotas: Introduce quotas that prioritize local candidates, ensuring that a significant portion of the teaching staff hails from the same cultural and linguistic background as the students.

Secular remedy

The Supreme Court of India affirmed that divorced Muslim women can seek maintenance under secular laws, alongside personal law provisions, ensuring their rights are preserved and clarifying the impact of the 1986 Act without undermining secular legal remedies.

Background and Legal Context:

• Supreme Court Clarification: The Supreme Court of India clarified that divorced Muslim women can seek maintenance under the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), a secular remedy.

• 1986 Law Impact: The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986, appeared to restrict relief to what is allowed in Muslim personal law, countering the Shah Bano case judgment (1985).

Key Judgments and Interpretations:

• Constitution Bench Ruling (2001): The 1986 law was upheld but interpreted not to limit Muslim women’s access to secular remedies.

• High Court Divergence: Various High Courts had differing views on whether Muslim women should use the 1986 Act or Section 125 of the CrPC for maintenance.

Supreme Court’s Recent Verdict:

• Parallel Provisions: The Court ruled that the 1986 Act’s provisions are in addition to, not in derogation of, the CrPC.

• Justice Masih’s Opinion: Both personal law and secular remedies should coexist, with CrPC applicable if the woman cannot maintain herself and the 1986 Act obligating the husband to provide support.

• Justice Nagarathna’s Perspective: The CrPC aims to prevent vagrancy among women by mandating husband support, and the 1986 Act codifies this right without negating other legal rights.

Implications and Significance:

• Harmonious Interpretation: The verdict expands rights and secularises access to remedies, ensuring Muslim women’s rights under secular law remain intact.

• Neutralizing Misperceptions: The Court’s decision counters the view that Muslim women’s right to seek maintenance under secular provisions was extinguished in 1986.

Divorced Muslim women entitled to maintenance under secular statute: SC

The Supreme Court’s ruling is a significant step towards ensuring justice and equality for divorced Muslim women. By recognizing their right to maintenance under the secular Section 125 of the CrPC, he court has upheld the principles of equality and non-discrimination. This judgment not only provides legal clarity but also strengthens the financial and social security of divorced Muslim women in India.

The Supreme Court of India, in a landmark judgment, held that divorced Muslim women are entitled to maintenance under the secular Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC). This ruling emphasizes the equal rights of divorced Muslim women to maintenance, aligning with the principles of justice and equality irrespective of personal laws.

• The judgment was delivered while hearing an appeal against a Telangana High Court order.

• The appeal was filed by Mohammad Abdul Samad, who challenged the interim maintenance granted to his divorced wife under Section 125 of the CrPC.

• The Supreme Court upheld the Telangana High Court’s decision, reinforcing that a divorced Muslim woman can seek maintenance under Section 125 of the CrPC.

• Section 125 of the CrPC: Provides a mechanism for maintenance for wives, children, and parents irrespective of their religion.

• Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986: Provides for a “reasonable and fair provision of maintenance” during the iddat period.

• Conflict of Laws: The primary issue was whether the 1986 Act supersedes Section 125 of the CrPC for divorced Muslim women.

• Maintenance Post-Iddat Period: Under the 1986 Act, the obligation to provide maintenance ceases after the iddat period, whereas Section 125 mandates continuous maintenance.

• Maintenance for Children: The 1986 Act limits maintenance for children to two years from birth, while Section 125 covers maintenance until children attain the age of majority.

• Equality Before Law: This judgment reinforces the constitutional commitment to equality and non-discrimination.

• Empowerment of Women: It ensures that divorced Muslim women are not deprived of their right to maintenance, providing them with financial security and dignity.

• Harmonious Interpretation: The court clarified that both Section 125 of the CrPC and the 1986 Act can coexist, offering choices to divorced Muslim women for seeking maintenance.

Divorced Muslim women entitled to maintenance under secular statute: SC

The Supreme Court’s ruling is a significant step towards ensuring justice and equality for divorced Muslim women. By recognizing their right to maintenance under the secular Section 125 of the CrPC, he court has upheld the principles of equality and non-discrimination. This judgment not only provides legal clarity but also strengthens the financial and social security of divorced Muslim women in India.

The Supreme Court of India, in a landmark judgment, held that divorced Muslim women are entitled to maintenance under the secular Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC). This ruling emphasizes the equal rights of divorced Muslim women to maintenance, aligning with the principles of justice and equality irrespective of personal laws.

• The judgment was delivered while hearing an appeal against a Telangana High Court order.

• The appeal was filed by Mohammad Abdul Samad, who challenged the interim maintenance granted to his divorced wife under Section 125 of the CrPC.

• The Supreme Court upheld the Telangana High Court’s decision, reinforcing that a divorced Muslim woman can seek maintenance under Section 125 of the CrPC.

• Section 125 of the CrPC: Provides a mechanism for maintenance for wives, children, and parents irrespective of their religion.

• Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986: Provides for a “reasonable and fair provision of maintenance” during the iddat period.

• Conflict of Laws: The primary issue was whether the 1986 Act supersedes Section 125 of the CrPC for divorced Muslim women.

• Maintenance Post-Iddat Period: Under the 1986 Act, the obligation to provide maintenance ceases after the iddat period, whereas Section 125 mandates continuous maintenance.

• Maintenance for Children: The 1986 Act limits maintenance for children to two years from birth, while Section 125 covers maintenance until children attain the age of majority.

• Equality Before Law: This judgment reinforces the constitutional commitment to equality and non-discrimination.

• Empowerment of Women: It ensures that divorced Muslim women are not deprived of their right to maintenance, providing them with financial security and dignity.

• Harmonious Interpretation: The court clarified that both Section 125 of the CrPC and the 1986 Act can coexist, offering choices to divorced Muslim women for seeking maintenance.

SC judge says men should share funds to empower their homemaker wives

Justice Nagarathna’s observations highlight a significant aspect of marital relationships in India, emphasizing the need for financial empowerment of homemaker wives. By recognizing the financial contributions and needs of homemaker wives, the ruling promotes a more secure and respectful family environment. Ensuring the financial empowerment of homemaker wives is not just a matter of equity but also a step towards building stronger families and a stronger nation.

Context and Ruling:

• Justice Nagarathna’s observations were made in the context of upholding the right of divorced Muslim women to maintenance under a secular law.

• She stressed that the financial empowerment of homemaker wives, who lack independent income, is crucial for their security and well-being within the family.

Key Observations:

• Financial Empowerment: Justice Nagarathna highlighted that Indian married men should become conscious of the need to financially empower their wives by providing financial resources, especially for their personal needs.

• Recognition of Contributions: She acknowledged those men who provide access to their financial resources for their spouses, either through joint bank accounts or ATM cards, should be recognized for their efforts.

• Distinction Between Women: A clear distinction was made between financially independent women and homemaker wives who lack financial independence and struggle to meet their personal expenses.

Issues

• Financial Dependence: Many homemaker wives in India do not have independent sources of income and are financially dependent on their husbands.

• Lack of Financial Empowerment: The absence of financial empowerment leaves homemaker wives vulnerable and insecure within their families.

• Emotional and Financial Dependency: Homemaker wives are often dependent on their husbands not only financially but also emotionally, which is not always reciprocated.

Significance

• Strengthening Families: Financial empowerment of homemaker wives contributes to stronger family units, which in turn, strengthens society and the nation.

• Recognition of Unpaid Work: Acknowledging and supporting the unpaid work done by homemaker wives is essential for their dignity and well-being.

• Security of Residence: Financial empowerment also impacts the security of residence for homemaker wives, ensuring they have a stable and secure home environment.

Solutions

• Joint Financial Management: Encouraging joint bank accounts and shared financial management between spouses can provide homemaker wives with better financial security.

• Awareness Programs: Increasing awareness among men about the importance of financially empowering their homemaker wives.

• Legal Reforms: Implementing legal measures that ensure financial support for homemaker wives, even in cases of divorce or separation.

India’s demographic journey of hits and misses

India’s demographic journey reflects significant progress in fertility reduction, improved health outcomes, and poverty alleviation. However, challenges like income inequality, malnutrition, and gender inequality remain. Addressing these is crucial for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030.

Introduction: India’s Demographic Journey

• World Population Day: Established by the UN in 1989 after a proposal by Dr. K.C. Zachariah.

• 1960s-1970s Predictions: Global population growth at 2% annually, leading to fears of poverty and hunger in India.

• Positive Turnaround: Decline in global fertility rates, improved living conditions, and increased life expectancy.

• India’s Progress: Fertility rates have fallen since the 1970s, currently below replacement level, with significant reductions in maternal and child mortality.

Population Dynamics:

• Key Components: Fertility, mortality, and migration shape India’s demographic landscape.

• Fertility Rate: Decreased from 3.4 (1992) to 2 (2021), below the replacement level of 2.1.

• Mortality Rate: Significant decline with increased life expectancy.

• Ageing Population: 8.6% aged 60+ in 2011, projected to rise to 19.5% by 2050.

• Implications: Smaller family norms, potential demographic dividend, need for geriatric care and social security.

SDG Journey:

• Poverty Eradication: Population below the poverty line reduced from 48% (1990) to 10% (2019). MGNREGA and Janani Suraksha Yojana were critical.

• Food Security: The Green Revolution averted a food crisis; hunger reduced from 18.3% (2001) to 16.6% (2021). Malnutrition remains a challenge.

• Health Improvements: Steady decline in critical mortality indicators. MMR decreased from 384.4 (2000) to 102.7 (2020), IMR from 66.7 (2000) to 25.5 (2021).

Challenges and Focus Areas:

• Income Inequality: Top 10% holds 77% of national wealth, skewing development.

• Nutrition Crisis: India ranks 111 out of 125 in the Global Hunger Index (2023).

• Health Burden: Double burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases (NCDs).

• Gender Equality: Critical for solving many issues and propelling SDG progress.

Path to Sustainable Development:

• Policy Formation: Acknowledge changing population dynamics.

• Job Creation: Harness demographic dividend by creating employment opportunities.

• Health and Nutrition: Increase budgetary allocations and strengthen programs.

• Gender Equality: Empower vulnerable women for holistic progress.

• Collaboration and Will: Multi-sectoral collaboration and strong political will are essential for meeting SDG targets by 2030.

A pathway for the most populous nation

Global population trends highlight rising urbanisation, challenges in women’s health, and significant migration patterns. For India, addressing urban infrastructure, accurate population data, and workforce readiness are crucial to leveraging its demographic potential and sustaining future development.

Introduction: Global Population Trends

• The global population is projected to reach 8.5 billion by the end of this decade.

• Asia is expected to be overpopulated, while Europe will be underpopulated.

• Falling fertility levels and rising longevity will result in a higher number of older people.

• Imbalanced population distribution and skewed age structure are significant transformations.

Urbanisation and Its Challenges:

• The population is increasingly centred in urban areas, with two-thirds expected to live in cities by 2030.

• This urban concentration will strain infrastructure and amenities, potentially lowering the quality of life.

• The uneven distribution of children and elderly within households will impact inequality, especially in India.

Women’s Health and Rights:

• The theme for World Population Day focuses on women’s sexual and reproductive health and rights, marking the 30th anniversary of the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD).

• Significant progress has been made in access to modern contraceptives and in reducing maternal deaths.

• Despite progress, 800 women die daily from preventable pregnancy-related causes, primarily in developing countries.

• Lower fertility levels and rising longevity transform household composition, affecting care burdens and inequality.

Migration and Urban Development:

• Migration trends will shape future population distribution, with 60 crore Indians migrating domestically and 2 crore abroad annually.

• The emergence of new cities with adequate infrastructure is crucial to alleviate pressure on mega cities.

• Cities drive the global economy, with 600 urban centres generating 60% of the world’s GDP.

• Indian cities rank poorly in global assessments due to environmental and quality-of-life issues.

India’s Population and Workforce:

• India lacks a realistic count of its population, relying on decades-old data for projections.

• Conducting a census is vital for accurate population data to inform policy-making.

• India must prepare its workforce for the global labour market to validate its potential in the 21st century.

• Despite stringent immigration policies, Indian emigration is expected to continue in the near future.

Double health budget, reduce out-of-pocket spends

The paradox of health being a non-issue in Indian politics despite its critical importance needs to be addressed urgently. Doubling the health budget and reducing out-of-pocket expenses can lead to significant improvements in health outcomes, economic benefits, and social equity. By aligning health spending with the needs of the population and recognizing healthcare as a fundamental right, India can move closer to its aspiration of being a developed country by 2047.

Context​: Health care in India has been a persistent challenge, characterized by inadequate public health spending, high out-of-pocket expenses, and disparities in access to quality care. Despite the critical nature of health, it remains a non-issue in the political discourse and electoral priorities of the country.

Current Health Expenditure

• Public Health Spending: India’s total health expenditure is around 3.5% of GDP, with public health spending at a mere 1.35%.

• Out-of-Pocket Expenditure: Low public spending leads to high out-of-pocket expenses for households, with 13.4% of rural and 8.5% of urban households borrowing money to pay medical bills.

Impact of Recent Economic Changes

• Demonetisation, GST, and COVID-19: These events have exacerbated the financial strain on households, making healthcare affordability even more critical.

• Poverty Line: An estimated 60-80 million households have fallen below the poverty line due to medical expenses.

Dual Burden of Disease

• Communicable Diseases: Easier to handle episodically but can have devastating consequences if neglected.

• Non-Communicable Diseases: Require lifelong management, necessitating a robust and steady healthcare system.

Issues

Inadequate Budget Allocation

• Stagnant Public Spending: Since 2010, public health spending has hovered between 1.12% and 1.35% of GDP.

• Disproportionate Spending: States like Bihar spend only about 5% of their revenue budgets on health against the targeted 8%.

Insufficient Infrastructure

• Glaring Gaps: The COVID-19 pandemic exposed significant deficiencies in health infrastructure, particularly in poorer states.

• Resource Shortfall: States like Bihar, U.P., MP, Orissa, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Assam face a higher than average shortfall of facilities and human resources.

Ineffective Financial Strategies

• Misaligned Priorities: Increasing sums assured under social health insurance schemes without addressing systemic flaws.

• Underutilized Funds: Only 25% of the health cess collected has been allocated to the Health Ministry.

Significance

Improved Health Outcomes

• Reduced Financial Burden: Increasing public health spending can significantly reduce out-of-pocket expenses for households.

• Enhanced Access to Care: Strengthening health infrastructure can improve access to quality care, especially in underserved regions.

Economic Benefits

• Poverty Reduction: Reducing medical expenses can prevent households from falling into poverty.

• Productivity Gains: A healthier population contributes to higher productivity and economic growth.

Social Equity

• Public Good: Recognizing health as a public good and a foundational prerequisite for human development.

• Social Contract: Fulfilling the societal obligation to provide healthcare as part of the social contract between citizens and the state.

Solutions

Budget Reforms

• Double Health Budget: Substantially increase the health budget, particularly for the National Health Mission (NHM).

• Utilize Health Cess: Allocate all funds collected under the health cess to the health budget.

Infrastructure Development

• Focus on Poorer States: Prioritize funding for states with significant shortfalls in health facilities and human resources.

• Strengthen Primary Care: Invest in primary health care facilities and district-level disease surveillance infrastructure.

Rationalize GST Levies

• Reduce GST on Health Products: Lower GST on health insurance premiums and essential medical supplies like insulin and hepatitis diagnostics.

• Disincentivize Costly Private Care: Implement measures to control the rising costs of private healthcare despite existing tax exemptions and subsidies.